Spatial Analysis Of Methamphetamine Abuse Trends In Representative Cities In Three Provinces Of Northeast China

The abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants has been worldwide public health and social issue.Human health is endangered seriously by amphetamines,the safety of the public and the economy also be affected negatively.The traditional method of judging the abuse of amphetamines is based on the amount of drugs seized by the anti-drug department and the number of abusers arrested,the data obtained by this method are far lower than the actual amount of drug abuse,and the reliability is low.The method based on wastewater analysis for addictive substance abuse which was developed in recent years provides a new idea for the accurate,rapid and efficient investigation of the abuse of addictive substances.The sewage epidemiology was applied to investigate the urban abuse situation of methamphetamine in eight cities of Jilin province(Changchun,Jilin,Songyuan,Baishan,Tonghua,Siping,Baicheng,Yanji),seven cities of Liaoning province(Anshan,Dandong,Jinzhou,Liaoyang,Shenyang,Tieling,Dalian)and four cities of Heilongjiang province(Zhaozhou,Raohe,Lindian,Longjiang).Samples were collected from the inlet of municipal sewage treatment plants in representative cities,which were analyzed the concentration of methamphetamine and amphetamine by GC/MS after purification,concentration and derivatization.The result showed that the average concentration of methamphetamine and amphetamine were 343 ± 198 ng/L and 38.7 ± 26.6 ng/L in seven cities of Liaoning province,and the average concentration of methamphetamine and amphetamine were 166 ± 69 ng/L and 28.4 ± 6.16 ng/L in ten municipal sewage treatment plants of Jilin province,respectively.Per capita abuse and the prevalence of the adult population in three northeastern provinces were estimated based on the concentration,service population of the wastewater treatment plant,correction factors,and typical abuse doses.The average value of methamphetamine abuse per capita and the prevalence of the adult were 359±208 ?g/day and 1± 0.36%in Liaoning province.In Jilin province,the per capita abuse of methamphetamine and the prevalence of the adult were 278 ± 184 ?g/day and 0.67 ± 0.41%which were showed in the result.The uncertainty analysis of the back-calculation results was carried out by Monte Carlo simulation in this study.The results showed that the mode value of methamphetamine abuse and the prevalence of adult population in Liaoning province and Jilin province were 227?g/day and 195 ?g/day,0.42%and 0.36%,the abuse of methamphetamine in Liaoning province is more serious than that in Jilin province,and the prefecture-level city is more serious than the county-level city.And estimated that the national per capita and prevalence of the adult were 216 ?g/day and 0.42%in 2014.The prevalence of adult population was ranged from 0.28%to 0.69%in seven administrative regions of China,with the annual abuse of methamphetamine in the Northeast is the fourth.The mass flow of the United States and Australia is higher than that of China,and the mass flow of South Africa and most European countries is lower than that of China by comparing the per capita mass flow of methamphetamine in the world.The addictive substance abuse survey providing a new method for the addictive substance abuse survey,which is based on sewage analysis and with the characteristics of rapid,saving labor and material resources,objective and accurate results.