Scheme Design And Evaluation On Airport Congestion Pricing Considering Equity Ffects

Our civil aviation always goes with the development of national economy and makes a great achievement in the past 40 years.However,going with the rise of trip demand,airport congestion has arisen.To solve the problems of resources constraints during peak period,especially the flight delays,congestion pricing,as one of the important measures in demand management,is proposed to ease airport congestion.Combining with the current developing situation of airports,this paper is for the purpose of discussing the principle and the method of airport congestion pricing,and then providing some reference for airport demand management.In terms of congestion pricing mechanism,this paper summarized related concepts and charging principles.Congestion was described by the queue length that the flight had experienced.Externality was measured by airlines' cost,passenger cost and environmental cost.And then a static bottleneck model was established and applied to Shanghai Pudong International Airport.Considering the imbalance of the airline market,congestion was internalized.The calculation result suggested significant congestion at peak hours in Shanghai Pudong International Airport and long waiting time brought high congestion fees.Therefore,two methods based on queue length and congestion fees for flight schedule time adjustment were proposed.In terms of the efficieney of congestion pricing,we adopt queue length,total fees,intensity of the fees and environmental benefits to evaluate the results.Two methods both indicated that congestion pricing could help to ameliorate congestion problems by incentivizing airlines to change their flight schedules from peak hours to off-peak hours,thereby raising the operating efficiency and reducing the cost of delays caused by congestion.Two methods both had high levels of efficiency.Congestion fees was cut down by more than 70 percent through adjusting a small number of flights.Among them,adjustment based on queue length brought better efficiency with lower congestion fees and shorter queue length.In terms of the equity of congestion pricing,the situations of with and without congestion internalization were investigated.Gini coefficient for each flight and each paid flight were used to measure the equity.The result showed that congestion pricing with internalization would exacerbate inequality among airlines and it was not conducive to the development of small and medium-sized airlines.Two methods both contributeequity with the decreasing of Gini coefficient for each flight and each paid flight.And adjustment based on congestion fees was more powerful with equity.