| The reform of the collective forest tenure system has a direct bearing on the interests of forest farmers,which has an important impact on their production and management.After the reform of the collective forest tenure system,the forest lands are more fragmented while its property rights are further clarified,and forest farmers gradually become the main part of forest management in the process.Although the some forest lands have achieved large-scale operations through the forest land circulation,most of the forest lands are still operated by ordinary farmers.Due to the different quality of forest land owned by forest farmers after forest reform,the management mode and forest land output are different.We study the management benefit and efficiency of decentralized woodland,clear the influencing factors and propose targeted improvement strategies,which will help improve forestry productivity,increase forest farmers'income,promote the harmonious development of the forest areas,and enhance the overall level of rural economic development in China.Key provinces such as Zhejiang,Jiangxi,and Fujian in the southern collective forest regions as pilot provinces took the lead in the reform of the collective forest rights system.Jiangshan City,as the county(city)that initiated the reform of the collective forest right system in Zhejiang Province and the pilot county(municipality)of science and technology service forest reform in the Chinese Academy of Forestry,has achieved better results in the effectiveness of institutional reforms of collective forest rights and the development level of forestry.Taking Jiangshan City as an example,through field surveys andinterviews,the paper combed the course of the reform of collective forest right system in the study area,analyzed the degree of forest land decentralization,the benefits of different forest management mode and the changes of farmers'income before and after forest reform.Moreover,the management efficiency and its influencing factors of decentralized forest land were studied.This will make policy recommendations to further promote reforms and increase forestry productivity.The main conclusions of the study are as follows:(1)According to different forestry business decision-making entities,the forest land in the study area was divided into five business models after forest reform:corporate management,cooperative management,large household management,family farm management,and ordinary farmer households management.Forest land size varies by different model,the corporation,large households,and family farms constituted a certain scale of woodland business model through the circulation of company or farmer households.Ordinary farmer households managementreferred to the peasant households operating their duty hills and private hills divided from mountains,and some small-scale forest land that has been transferred through exchange and transfer.The cooperative management is different from the traditional operation of stock cooperatives;it does not carry out the uniform management of forest lands,and only deals with the unified processing and sales of forest products.In the process of deepening the reform of the collective forest tenure system,part of the forest lands had been transformed into large-scale forest lands through subcontracting,leasing,transfer,equity participation,mortgage,or as investment and cooperation conditions in Jiangshan City,but the proportion of forest lands occupied by farmers was still above 67%.(2)After the forest reform,farmers'income in forestry has been greatly increased.The average annual growth rate is about 5.19%.In the early stage of forest reform,farmers'enthusiasm for forest land management increased significantly,and the corresponding investment in forest land increased.With the deepening of forest reform and the gradual activation of forest land circulation,the rural labor force was fully liberated,the number of migrant workers increased gradually,and the number of forest land operators decreased.At the same time,the early input of forest farmers also began to earn returns,and the benefits of forest land management continued to improve.The benefits of forest reform in the research areas have been gradually revealed.While the rural labor force has been liberated continuously,the income that farmers rely on forestry has been gradually increased.(3)Through surveys of forest farmer distribution in Jiangshan City,11 different types of forest management models were selected.Based on the management model benefit evaluation index system of decentralized forest land that is composed by 10evaluation indicators,using the analytic hierarchy process,we evaluated the benefits of management model in different decentralized forest land.The results showed that the 11models had little difference in ecological and social benefits,but the economic benefit was quite different.The five modes with higher comprehensive benefits were:Bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)-Yellow Polygonatum(Polygonatum sibiricum),Bamboo(Phyllostachys edulis)-Dictyophora(Dictyophora indusiata),White Flower Camellia(Camellia oleosa Rehd.)-Mountain rice(Oryza sativa L.),White Flower Camellia(Camellia oleosa Rehd.)-Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.),Kiwifruit(Actinidia Chinensis)-Kiwi seedings.(4)Using DEA-Tobit two-stage analysis,the management efficiency and influencing factors of decentralized forest land were studied.The results showed that the overall technical efficiency of the scattered forest land management of rural households was0.5075 on average,the average benefit of pure technology was 0.8323,and the overall scale of benefit was 0.6343 on average.The farmer households in the area of 0.067hm~2-0.667 hm~2 and 6.667 hm~2-26.667 hm~2 had a higher efficiency in decentralized forest management.In the area of 0.667 hm~2-6.667 hm~2,the operating efficiency of scattered farmland in rural households was relatively low.From the influence factors,Ten variables,such as the age of forest land managers,the education level of forest land managers,the sex of woodland operators,whether was present(Zeng)Ren village group or above,forest land number,woodland site conditions,woodland traffic conditions,tillage times,operation management level,and whether had financial difficulties,affected the farmer households decentralized forest land management efficiency significantly.In terms of impact,the level of management of the farmers themselves and the site conditions of the forest lands they manage had the most significant impact on the forestry operating efficiency. |
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