Study On Key Cultivation Techniques And Quality Evaluation Of Polyporus Umbellatus (Pers.) Fries

Polyporus umbellatus（Pers.）Fries,a fungus of an order（Polyporales）including some（but not all）polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics（mainly in the genus Lentinus）,is distributed widely in china.Notably,the woodland,at an elevation of 800²000m,is an important habitat for it.An increasing consumption of P.umbellatus is brought both by specific efficacy and by expanded usage,resulting immoderate excavation that has made a sharp decrease of the wild species,which has been listed on a decree“three-grade preservation wild medicinal material”released by the State Council in 1987.Nowadays,the commercial species is almost cultivated in Sichuan,Shaanxi,Yunnan and Shanxi.While artificial species of P.umbellatus has been scored,continued progress still has to be made in cultivation techniques to conquer its specific habitat before its yield can be stabilized and quality can be guaranteed,then leading it to safety,clinical efficacy.1 Key Cultivation Techniques of Polyporus umbellatusCommitted on key techniques in cultivation,such as materials for cultivation,habitat,Cultivation methods and management,picking time,P.umbellatus,the object of this study,have been studied on yield and quality as it seeks to determine its superlative techniques for cultivation in Sichuan.1.1 Materials for CultivationStudying on P.umbellatus species material,Armillaria and timber,the results are as follows.Firstly,Zhu Shi Ling in Sichuan,one type of P.umbellatus,is screened as the sclerotium used to asexual reproduction,as it can get a bumper harvest with 0.2kg per cellar.Then,Armillaria is screened as the commensal fungus to P.umbellatus,and it shows a considerable output when Jing-234 or A9 is used with 2.0 bottle per cellar,further,by contrast,A9 is better in quality.Lastly,timber is screened as the fungus-growing material,and will be more effective,if it is steeped in NH₄NO₃（aq）,KNO₃（aq）,K₂HPO₄（aq）in advance,especially,K₂HPO₄（aq）is the best one.1.2 Habitat of Polyporus umbellatusStudy on the elevation,aspect and soil-quality,The best habitat:elevation,1200m¹250 m;aspect,ubac;land,sandy land with right amount humus and under the trees.1.3 Cultivation methods and managementThe cultivation method,cellar type,fertilization,weeding,and covering treatment of the swine fever have an impact on the yield and quality of the swine fever.Through research,it was determined that the swine gizzard was cultivated in one layer,and the old material was used as the stain:new strain=2:1.With an depth of 20³0cm,the cellar,protruding to be in the shape of turtleback,is good for the growth of P.umbellatus.For base fertilizer,nutrition soil,turfy soil and plant ash（1.0kg per cellar）or decomposed cow dumps and sheep droppings（0.5kg per cellar）could all increase the yield of P.umbellatus;and for topdressing,NH₄NO₃ or KNO₃ could achieve a optimal result in yield and quality,especially KNO₃.In addition,mulching in winter（Nov-Mar）and weeding in summer would facilitate P.umbellatus to better grow.1.4 Picking Time of Polyporus umbellatusTo examine the effects of different growth years and harvesting periods on the yield and quality of P.umbellatus,The results demonstrate that the 3-year-old one is the best.Besides,May is the appropriate picking period of P.umbellatus.2 Quality Assessment of Polyporus umbellatusBoth 28 batches of the commercial species from five medicine markets and 7batches of the base species were comprehensively assessed by means of analysis on their appearences and quality.2.1 Appearance Evaluation of Polyporus umbellatus from Different SourcesThe origins of collected samples are as follows:37.14%of them were from Sichuan,28.57%of them were from Shaanxi,and others of them were from Yunnan,Shanxi,Gansu and Anhui.Medicinal herbs are divided into a single product（42.86%）and pork chop slices（57.14%）.There are certain differences in fracture surface among P.umbellatus collected from diverse origins.which of 20.00%single P.umbellatus,and 40.00%pork chop slices were rotten in shape,which didn’t match the standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia（2015）.However,4 batches of those derived from Shanxi（BZ2）and Shaanxi（HHC7,BZ5,SX）had a better appearance—shape,strip-like,such circular or slabby;size,even;surface,black,ash black or brownish black,crimping or in tumour form;fracture surface,white-like or yellowish-white,graininess,no-rotten,no-silt.2.2 Characteristic HPLC Spectrum Establishment of Polyporus umbellatusCharacteristic HPLC spectrum with 7 common chromatographic peaks was established,and 5 of them were indexed as adenosine,uracil,uridine,adenine and cytidine respectively.This reliable method can be used in quality assessment of P.umbellatus,which has been made a systematic study on methodology.Furthermore,35 batches of P.umbellatus were analyzed to take evaluation,revealing that there was differences in characteristic HPLC spectrum among themselves.2.3 Comparison of Chemical Composition among Polyporus umbellatus,Polyporus umbellatus Peel and Polyporus umbellatus PeeledThe records of P.umbellatus in ancient Chinese herbal medicines“have to be used to remove black skin”,study shows,There was no significant difference in ergosterol content among P.umbellatus,P.umbellatus peel and P.umbellatus peeled;Polysaccharides,extracts and 5 nucleosides（uridine,adenosine,cytidine,adenine,uracil）,P.umbellatus showed a higher value than P.umbellatus peeled;in content of total ash and acid-insoluble ash,all samples matched the standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia（2015）.Therefore,method about“have to be used to remove black skin”on ancient books should be discussed.2.4 Quality Assessment of Polyporus umbellatus from Diverse OriginsCultivation region has influence on quality indicators of P.umbellatus.For ergosterol contents,samples derived from Sichuan show a higher value;for polysaccharide contents,those derived from Shaanxi are generally higher than the others;for the content of extract and nucleosides,samples derived from Shannxi,Yunnan and Shanxi are higher than Sichuan;for content of total ash and acid-insoluble ash,all samples are in the standard range of Chinese Pharmacopoeia（2015）.2.5 Weighted Mark Method on Quality Assessment of Polyporus umbellatusWeighted mark method was used to analyze the appearance and index components of P.umbellatus,and the synthesis score of collected samples was from62.44 to 92.69.Collected from Sichuan（NJ6）,Shannxi（HHC7,BZ5,SX）and Shanxi（BZ2）,14.29%of samples,were scored over 80,indicating a higher quality;62.85%（22 batches）of them were scored in a range of 70 to 80;22.86%of them,collected from Sichuan（HHC1,HHC2,NJ4）,Shannxi（AG2）,Yunnan（YL3）,Shanxi（BZ1）and some other origins（QP1,HHC10）,were scored in a range of 60 to 70.