| Polyporus umbellatus is a dry sclerotia of Polyporaceae fungus Polyporus umbellatus(Pers.)Fries.Its medicinal properties are peaceful,taste sweet and light,and it has the effect of diffusing water and dampness.It is used for edema,turbidity,diarrhea,and unfavorable for taking down and urinating.With the increasing demand for raw materials of Polyporus umbellatus,artificial cultivation of Polyporus umbellatus has become the key to solve the contradiction between supply and demand.High-quality sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus is the material basis for achieving high yield,and suitable inoculation techniques are the key to improve the inoculation rate and yield of Polyporus umbellatus.In this study,12 materials of Polyporus umbellatus from different areas in Hebei Province were collected extensively,and the quality index and grading of Polyporus umbellatus were studied.The effects of different culture materials,treatment methods and water content of Polyporus umbellatus,the proportion of companion plants,the size of planting holes and planting gradient on the growth status of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea and the inoculation rate of Polyporus umbellatus were discussed.The studied compared and analyzed the differences of yield and quality of Polyporus umbellatus with different harvesting years were compared and Differences.The main results are as follows:1.Four quality evaluation indices of sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus were determined,including vitality,the sectional yellowness and blueness b*,the sectional brightness L* and fresh weight.Sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus were divided into three grades by K-means clustering method and standard deviation method.The first grade is at less 0.399 mm/d of the vitality of the sclerotia,74.34 of the sectional brightness L*,and at most 15.94 of the sectional yellowness b*;The second grade is at less 0.248 mm/d of the vitality of the sclerotia,65.33 of the sectional brightness L*,and at most 20.34 of the sectional yellowness b*;The third grade is at less 0.164 mm/d of the vitality of the sclerotia,53.95 of the sectional brightness L*,and at most 24.74 of the sectional yellowness b*;The fresh weight of single sclerotia of all kinds is not less than 10.0g.2.The quality of Armillaria mellea wood with different proportions of culture materials(humus soil and wet leaves)was significantly different.The total score of growthstatus of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea in each treatments was the highest 67 points in A1 treatment,followed by 66 points in A2 and A3 treatment.The infection rate of Armillaria mellea was significantly different among treatments,with the highest infection rate of 97.33% in A2 treatment and the second infection rate of 92.00% in A1 treatment.The fresh weight and dry weight,polysaccharide content and accumulation of each bag of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea were significantly different.The fresh weight and dry weight of A2 treatment were 6.278 g and 2.537 g respectively,followed by A1 treatment,which were 6.099 g and 2.335 g respectively.The polysaccharide content and accumulation of A1 treatment were the highest,which were 61.18 mg/g and 140.77 mg respectively,followed by A2 treatment,which were 40.99mg/g and 104.77 mg respectively.3.There were significant differences of the inoculation rate in the different treatment of sclerotia,the water content,the proportion of companion plants,the size of planting holes and the gradient of planting.The total score of the growth status of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea in different treatment methods of sclerotia was 65 points in B3 treatment,the inoculation rate of sclerotia was 63.67% in B3 treatment,62.00% in B1 treatment,and there was no significant difference between them.The total score of Armillaria mellea cords growth in different water content was 65 points in C3 treatment,and the inoculation rate of sclerotia was 68.33% in C2 treatment.The total score of the growth status of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea with different proportion of companion plants was the highest 79 points in D3 treatment,the inoculation rate of sclerotia was the highest 88.67%in D3 treatment,the highest 64 points in E2 treatment for the total score of the growth status of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea and the highest 73.00% in E2 treatment for the inoculation rate of sclerotia with different length of planting hole.The total score of the growth status of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea in different planting depth was 69 points in F2 treatment,and the highest inoculation rate of sclerotia was 66.00% in F2 treatment.The total score of growth status of the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea in different planting gradients was 72 points in G4 and G5 treatments,the highest inoculation rate of sclerotia is 73.67% in G4 treatments and 70.33% in G5 treatments,and there was no significant difference between the two treatments.4.Fresh weight and dry weight of Polyporus umbellatus with different harvesting years were significantly different.Fresh weight and dry weight of single hole Polyporus umbellatus were the highest in 4 years old,3.787 kg and 2.035 kg respectively,followed by 3.334 kg and 1.412 kg in 3.5 years old.Fresh weight and dry weight of Polyporus umbellatus were 4 years old > 3.5 years old > 4.5 years old > 3 years old > 2.5 years old.The total ash,acid-insoluble ash,moisture,polysaccharide,crude protein,crude fiber,crude fat,ergosterol and ergosterol accumulation of Polyporus umbellatus with different harvesting years were significantly different.The total ash content was the lowest of8.017% in 4 years,the acid-insoluble ash content was the lowest of 0.437% in 3 years,andthe water content was the lowest of 11.518% in 4.5 years.The contents of crude protein,crude fibre and crude fat were the highest in 3.5 years old,which were 1.959%,27.978%and 1.959%,respectively.The contents of Mn,Zn and K were the highest in 3.5-year-old Polyporus umbellatus,which were 7.660 mg/kg,26.543 mg/kg and 717.535 mg/kg,respectively.The contents of Fe,Na and Mg were the highest in 4-year-old Polyporus umbellatus,which were 356.169 mg/kg,257.806 mg/kg and 50.672 mg/kg,respectively.The contents of Ca in 4.5-year-old Polyporus umbellatus were the highest in 2295.551mg/kg,while the contents of Cu,Cd and Pb in 2.5-year-old Polyporus umbellatus were the lowest,which were 4.91 mg/kg.There were 13 kinds of amino acids in 4-year-old,and the total content of amino acids in 4-year-old was 9.134% of the Polyporus umbellatus harvested for different years.Conclusion:Four quality evaluation indexes of sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus were determined,and the quality of sclerotia of Polyporus umbellatus was divided into three levels.The suitable inoculation techniques of Polyporus umbellatus were determined as follows: the suitable proportion of wet leaves for cultivation of Armillaria mellea was75%-100%,the water content was 30%-40%,and the larger Polyporus sclerotia could be broken off from the layer;the length of planting hole was 45 cm and the depth was 20 cm;the ratio of humus soil and wet leaves was 1:3;the planting slope was 30-40 and the suitable harvesting period was 3.5-4 years. |
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