| The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the nutritional value of rapeseed meal after microbial fermentation,and to study the effects of different ratios of fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance,serum biochemical index,antioxidant capacity and immune function of growing pigs,as well as the effect of fermented rapeseed meal on performance and organs index,carcass quality,meat quality and intestinal microflora of finishing pigs.Part 1A total of 16 healthy crossbred?Duroc×Lardrace×Yorkshire?barrows with an initial body weight of 71.25±1.23kg.Those pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicates per treatment.The 4 diets were,corn-soybean basal diet,rapeseed meal?RSM?-diet,fermented rapeseed meal?FRSM?-diet?35%protein of basal diet were substituted by FRSM or RSM?and N-free diet.The digestive and metabolic trial consisted of a 3-d diet adaptation and a 4-d feces and urine collection.In order to evaluate the nutritional value of fermented rapeseed meal.The experimental results showed that:1)The pH of FRSM decreased by 1.68 compared with RSM,and the contents of crude protein,water-soluble protein,acid-soluble protein and crude fat increased by 1.91%,52.88%,44.40%and 24.27%,respectively;The all amino acids content of FRSM increased than RSM,but there was no significant difference.2)The anti-nutritional factors neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of FRSM decreased by 5.21%and 0.38%;isothiocyanate degradation rate reached 91.92%,oxazolidinone degradation rate reached 100.00%;tannin and phytic acid decreased by35.81%and 24.22%,respectively.3)The apparent digestibility of dry matter of FRSM was 75.28%,which was significantly?0.01<P<0.05?higher than RSM;Digestible energy?nitrogen apparent?true?digestibility and nitrogen apparent?true?availability of FRSM were 13.84MJ/kg,70.89%?72.84%?and 68.12%?71.12%?,respectively,which were very significantly?P<0.01?higher than those of RSM.The apparent digestibility of calcium,phosphorus and crude ash were no significant difference?P>0.05?in fermented rapeseed meal and rapeseed meal.4)Compared with RSM,all amino acids apparent?true?digestibility?except for cysteine?of FRSM were significantly or very significantly?0.01<P<0.05 or P<0.01?higher than RSM.In summary,microbial solid-state fermentation improved the nutritional value of rapeseed meal and the nutrient digestibility and utilization rates in growing and finishing pigs.Part 2A total of 96 healthy crossbred?Duroc×Lardrace×Yorkshire?barrows?same batch?with an initial body weight of 42.35±1.65kg were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs in each replicate.Group I:corn-bean meal,group II:8.4%RSM,group III:12%FRSM?FRSM was mixed with RSM and wheat bran in a ratio of 7:3,so the actual content of RSM was 12%×70%,that is 8.4%FRSM?,group IV:16%FRSM?the same as group III,so the actual content of RSM is 16%×70%,that is 11.2%FRSM?.All experimental diets were prepared on the principle of equal energy and equal nitrogen.The experiment lasted for 7 weeks.The results showed that:1)There were no significant differences on average daily feed intake?average daily gain and F/G among all groups?P>0.05?,but groups???were better than group?.2)There was no significant differences on glucose?total protein and blood urine nitrogen among all groups?P>0.05?;The content of total cholesterol in groups III and IV were significantly decreased?0.01<P<0.05?than in groups I and II;The content of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in group II were the highest among all groups,the content of triiodothyronine was significantly?P<0.01?increased than the other three groups,the content of thyroxine was significantly?0.01<P<0.05?increased than group IV,and there were no significant differences between the other three groups.3)There was no significant differences in glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant enzyme among all groups?P>0.05?.The content of superoxide dismutase in group III was significantly increased?P<0.01?than groups I and II,and the content of MDA was significantly?0.01<P<0.05?decreased than group I and II,and there were no significant differences between groups III and IV?P>0.05?.4)The content of IgA,IgG,and IgM were no significant differences among all groups?P>0.05?.The tumor necrosis factor-?in Group III were significantly increased?0.01<P<0.05?than Group IV,and there were no significant differences between the other groups.In summary,the microbial solid state fermentation of rapeseed meal can improve the production performance of growing pigs,reduce the content of serum triiodothyronine,thyroxine and cholesterol,improve the antioxidant capacity,and have no negative impact on immune function.The amount of fermented rapeseed meal added to the growing pigs diet was increased to 16%,that is,the amount of rapeseed meal increased to 11.2%.Part 3A total of 96 healthy crossbred?Duroc×Lardrace×Yorkshire?barrows?same batch?with an initial body weight of 85.20±1.23kg were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs in each replicate.Group I:corn-bean meal,group II:11.2%RSM,group III:16%FRSM?FRSM was mixed with RSM and wheat bran in a ratio of 7:3,so the actual content of RSM was 16%×70%,that is 11.2%FRSM?,group IV:20%FRSM?the same as Group III,so the actual content of RSM is 20%×70%,that is 14.0%FRSM?.The experiment lasted for 7weeks.The microbial genomic total DNA was extracted from cecal cintents,universal prokaryote primers were used to target the V4 to V5 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA,and microbiota diversity of cecal was evaluated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology.All experimental diets were prepared on the principle of equal energy and equal nitrogen.The results showed that:1)There were no significant differences on average daily feed intake and average daily gain among all groups?P>0.05?.The F/G of group IV was significantly lower than group II by 9.23%?0.01<P<0.05?.2)There were no significant differences in heart index,lung index,pancreas index,liver index,spleen index,kidney index and stomach index among all groups?P>0.05?.3)There was no significant difference in carcass weight,carcass length,longissimus muscle and lean meat percentage among all groups?P>0.05?.The mean back fat thickness in group III was significantly lower than group II?0.01<P<0.05?.The slaughter percentage of the IV group was significantly lower than group II?0.01<P<0.05?.4)There was no significant difference in pH45min,marbling score,meat color and drip loss among all groups?P>0.05?,the pH24h of group I was significantly lower than other three groups?0.01<P<0.05?.5)There was no significant difference in water,crude protein,intramuscular fat and inosinic acid among all groups?P>0.05?.6)There was no significant difference in amino acid content of longissimus dorsi among all groups?P>0.05?.7)The content of lauric acid C12:0,myristic acid C14:0,palmitic acid C16:0,stearic acid C18:0,arachidic acid C20:0 and erucic acid C22:1 were not significantly different among all groups?P>0.05?;The content of palm oleic acid C16:1 in group IV was significantly higher than group II?0.01<P<0.05?;The content of oleic acid C18:1in group IV was significantly higher than other three groups?0.01<P<0.05?,group II was significantly lower than other three groups?0.01<P<0.05?,and there were no significant differences between the other groups;The content of linoleic acid C18:2 in group IV significantly higher than group II?0.01<P<0.05?;The content of linolenic acid C18:3 in group IV was significantly higher than group I and group II?0.01<P<0.05?;The content of group III arachidonic acid C20:4 was significantly higher than group I and group II?0.01<P<0.05?.8)Sixty cecal contents were sequenced,a total of 168544.5 effective sequences and 26824.85 average operational taxonomic units?OTUs?were acquired.9)The alpha diversity indexes?ACE,Chao1,Shannon,Simpson?among all groups showed no significant difference?P>0.05?.10)At the phylum level,the firmicutes in group III and group IV were significantly higher?0.01<P<0.05?than group I and group II;The spirochaetes in group I was significantly higher than other three groups?0.01<P<0.05?;The Tenericutes in group III was significantly higher than group II?0.01<P<0.05?;The WPS.2 in group III was significantly higher than group II and group IV?0.01<P<0.05?.11)At the family level and genera level,the Ruminococcaceae in group III and group IV were extremely significantly higher than group I and group II?P<0.01?.In summary,adding fermented rapeseed meal to the diet improved the performance of finishing pigs and significantly increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids and reduced the content of saturated fatty acids,but had no effect on organ index and meat quality.Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology can accurately classify cecum microflora in finishing pigs,Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,Proteobacteria,and Spirochaetes are the superior microflora in finishing pigs'intestines.Compared with corn-bean meal group and RSM group,the fermented rapeseed meal groups significantly increased the content of the Firmicutes and Ruminococcaceae.In summary:The microbial solid state fermented rapeseed meal improved the nutritional value and the digestibility and utilization rate of nutrients in growing and finishing pigs,enriched cecal microflora.By microbial fermentation,the application of rapeseed meal was increased on growing and finishing pigs.The ratio of rapeseed meal added to the growing pigs diet increased to 11.2%,and the finishing pigs diet increased to 14%,which could play a positive role in the growing and finishing pigs of physiological and biochemical indicators. |
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