| In aquaculture diets,fishmeal(FM)is the golden standard mostly used as a protein source,and yet it is scared as an ingredient and expensive.The cost of the aquaculture diet production can be reduced by reducing overdependence on FM use and reduce effluent waste through nutrient levels.Soybean Protein Concentrate(SPC),Wheat Gluten Meal(WGM),and Dried Distiller Grains with Solubles(DDGS)are some of the alternative sources with similar amino acid profile as compared with FM and are less expensive.To confirm these assumptions,experiments were conducted.The study lasted for eight weeks,and the study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing FM with other plant protein sources including SPC,WGM,and DDGS on shrimps growth,serum biochemical and antioxidant functions,and disease resistance on Vibrio pathogens.The results from the present study are as followsThis experiment was conducted to assess the possibility of replacing FM with SPC at different levels(Diet 1(0%),Diet 2(3.08%),Diet 3(6.16%),Diet 4(9.24%),Diet 5(12.32%),Diet 6(15.40%),Diet 7(18.48%))as well as its effects on growth,serum biochemical indices and antioxidant activities,body composition,histology,intestinal flora and disease resistance in Litopaeneaus vannamei.There were three replicates in each group in the experiment(Initial mean weight = 0.23±0.00g)and were fed their respective diets for eight weeks.Growth performance in Diet 6 compared to Diet 1 significantly increased(P < 0.05),and the survival rate ranged from 90% to 95%.No significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of crude protein,moisture,and ash content.There was an increase in serum acid phosphatase(ACP),alkaline phosphatase(AKP),High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(HDL-C),Total Antioxidant capacity(T-AOAC),Glutathione peroxidase(GSHPx).Significant decreases(P < 0.05)in Glucose(GLU)and Total Cholesterol(TCHO)were observed in the shrimp.Also,no significant difference was observed in serum Alanine Aminotransferase(AST),and Total protein(TP)(P ? 0.05).Histology of the intestine showed Villus height(VH),and intestinal wall thickness(IWT)significantly increased(P < 0.05)with increasing inclusion of SPC,15.40% had the highest value.In intestinal flora,replacement of FM with SPC in the shrimp intestine had positive effects on some beneficial bacteria such as Pseudoalteromonadaceae among the treatment groups with 15.40% having the highest value as compared to 0% at the family level.Furthermore,diversity indices and richness estimates increased with increasing SPC levels.Disease resistance was increased in shrimp among treatment groups,15.40% recording the lowest mortality percentage of 40.22% after the challenge test.In conclusion,regarding all the parameters,the replacement of FM with SPC at 15.40% could be used to cater for shrimps' dietary needs.The second study aimed at evaluating the effect of replacing FM with WGM on growth,serum biochemical and antioxidant effects,disease resistance on shrimp at different levels WGM1,WGM2,WGM3,WGM4,WGM5,WGM6 and WGM7 with WGM replacement levels as 10%,20%,30%,40%,60%,and 80%,respectively.This study lasted for eight weeks.The average initial weight of the shrimp was(0.24±0.00g).The study showed that replacement of FM with WGM at 40% in shrimp diet could improve growth performance including FW,WG,SR,and SGR;whole-body composition such as crude protein,moisture,the ash content in the shrimp;ACP,AKP,HDL-C,T-AOC,GSHPx(P < 0.05).A significant decrease was also observed in FCR,MDA,AST,and P?0.05.Furthermore,in gut microbiota,the total number of valid reads ranged from 39924 to 52506.The richness and diversity in also increased with increasing inclusion of WGM in shrimp diet with WGM4 obtaining the highest values;125 Chao,128 Ace,4.2 Shannon,and 0.92 Simpson respectively.Disease resistance was also increased.Cumulative mortality was low in the WGM diets with Diet 4 obtaining the highest value of 62%.So in summary,FM could be replaced with WGM at 40% in shrimp diet,and this may lead to improved growth performance,immune function and disease resistance in shrimp.Lastly,the third study was done to examine the effects of replacing FM with DDGS on growth,serum biochemical indices,and antioxidant functions,microbiota and disease resistance in shrimp.This study lasted for eight weeks.The initial weight of juvenile shrimp used for the study was(0.22±0.00g).DDGS level inclusion in shrimp diet was Diet 1;0%,Diet 2;10%,Diet 3;20%,Diet 4;30%,Diet 5;40%,Diet 6;60%,and Diet 7;80%.The study revealed that growth performance,including FW,WG,SGR,and SR increased(P< 0.05).Proximate whole body composition including moisture,crude protein,and ash,serum biochemical indices such as ACP,AKP,TG,TCHO,TP,GLU,SOD,T-AOC,also increased as compared to control diet.MDA,FCR,LDL-C,HDL-C,AST also decreased(P?0.05)in shrimp fed with WGM diets.No significant differences(P?0.05)were observed in the VH and IWT in the histological analysis of the shrimp among the diets.Disease resistance was also increased in the shrimp diets fed with DDGS.Diet 5 had the lowest mortality rate of 51% as compared to the control group 68%.Based on the results obtained from the present study,Diet 5(40%)of DDGS in the shrimp diet is optimum in replacing FM in a shrimp diet.This will help reduce the overdependence of FM in a shrimp diet and increased the aquaculture industry sustainably in the future.Overall,results from these studies reveal that use of soy protein concentrates(SPC),wheat glutenmeal(WGM),and distiller's dried grains with solubles(DDGS)as a main protein source in formulated diets for juvenile L.vannamei is viable as long as essential nutrients and amino acids in diet are suitably balanced to meet shrimp nutritional requirements. |
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