| The apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, amino acid, lipid, phosphorus and energy of 11 kinds of different protein sources were determined in the first study by growth experiment and digestive experiment for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Furthermore, others studies explored the effects of feeding with different proportions of extruded soybean meal, peanut meal, corn gluten meal and soybean concentration protein combination with fish meal on growth performance, feed utilization, whole body compositions, blood biochemical index, non-specific immunity and apparent nutrient digestibility of white shrimp, respectively. Compounded of fish meal and plant protein sources (composited by extruded soybean meal, peanut meal and corn gluten meal); at the same time, compare to the effects of different proportions of plant protein mixture compounding with fish meal based on the amino acids balance. Subsequently, the optimal proportion of fish meal compounded with extruded soybean meal, peanut meal, corn gluten meal, soy protein concentrate and plant protein mixture for white shrimp were determined, respectively. The results can be briefly summarized as follows:1. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in the diets for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, BooneApparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), gross energy (GE), phosphorus, and amino acids in fish meal (FM), fermented soybean meal (FSBM), extruded soybean meal (ESBM), soybean meal (SBM), peanut meal (PNM), wheat gluten meal (WGM), corn gluten meal (CGM), shrimp by-product meal (SPM), meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry meat meal (PMM) and plasma protein meal (PPM) were determined for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A reference diet (RF) and test diets (consisting of 69.5% RF diet and 30% of the feedstuff) were used with 0.5% Cr2O3 as an external indicator.A total of 1440 shrimp (initial mean body weight 1.05±0.01g) were randomly stocked into thirty-six 0.5m3 fiberglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and 3 tanks per diet. Feces were collected from triplicate groups of shrimp by a fecal collection vessel attached to the shrimp rearing tank. The shrimp were fed to apparent satiation 4 times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 6 weeks.Results showed that apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, lipid, phosphorus and energy of among all feedstuffs were significantly difference (P＜0.05). Apparent dry matter digestibility of FM, WGM and CGM were significantly higher than that of PNM, SBM, FSBM and PMM (P＜0.05); apparent dry matter digestibility of MBM and SPM were significantly lower than that of other feedstuffs (P<0.05). Apparent protein digestibility of PNM, PPM and FM were significantly higher than those of PMM, MBM and SPM (P<0.05); MBM and PMM were significantly lower than that of others feedstuffs (P＜0.05).The apparent lipid digestibility of PNM was significantly higher than those of MBM, PMM and PPM (P＜0.05); MBM was significantly lower than those of other feedstuffs (P<0.05). The apparent phosphorous digestibility of animal protein feedstuffs was significantly higher than those of plant protein feedstuffs (P＜0.05). The apparent phosphorous digestibility of FM was significantly higher than those of MBM, PMM and PPM (P＜0.05); PNM was significantly lower than those of FSBM, ESBM, WGM and CGM (P＜0.05). The apparent energy digestibility of PPM, FM, CGM, WGM and PNM were significantly higher than those of PMM, FSBM and SPM (P＜0.05); except that PMM and FSBM, SPM was significantly lower than those of other feedstuffs (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of all kinds of essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids of ESBM, PNM and FM were higher in all feedstuffs (P＜0.05), but apparent amino acid digestibility of MBM, PMM and SPM were significantly lower than other materials (P<0.05)。2. Effects of combination of extruded soybean meal and fish meal on growth, digestive enzyme activities, blood biochemical indexes and apparent nutrient digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei BooneA total of 720 shrimp (initial body weight 0.67±0.02g) were randomly distributed into eighteen 0.5m3 fiberglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and 3 tanks per diet, fed respectively with six kinds of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, which composed by compounded 0,4.28%,8.40%,12.62%,16.82% and 25.26% extruded soybean meal (ESBM) and 30%,27%,24%,21%,18% and 12% fish meal, respectively. The shrimp were fed 4 times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 56 d.The results indicated that WG, SGR and SR of white shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05), with the diet containing ESBM above 12.62%, but FCR increased significantly (P<0.05).Compared to those of the diets containing 4.80% and 8.4% ESBM, respectively. With the containing of ESBM increasing and fish meal decreasing, when the diet containing ESBM was above 4.28%, the protein and phosphorous content of whole body in shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05), but the lipid content of whole body in shrimp, G and TC content and activity of AKP and ACP in serum were increased significantly (P＜0.05). Activities of hepatopancreas protease and lipase significantly decreased (P＜0.05) with the diet containing ESBM was above 12.62%, while activity of amylase significantly increased (P＜0.05). Total protein content and LZM activity in serum significantly decreased (P＜0.05) with the diet containing ESBM above 7.56%. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein and energy in diet with 4.28% ESBM and the control diets were higher than those with 16.82% and 25.26%, respectively (P＜0.05).The apparent digestibility of total amino acid, all kinds of essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the diets containing 16.82% and 25.26% ESBM than those in control diets (P＜0.05). But, changes in proportion combination of ESBM and fish meal showed no significant (P> 0.05) effect on SR, ash content of whole body in shrimp and apparent lipid digestibility, respectively. Results from this study indicated:(1) when the isonitrogenous compounded ESBM and fish meal was over 8.40%:24% in diet,it showed that with decrease in growth performance and FCR with ESBM increasing and fish meal decreasing of white shrimp; decrease in apparent digestibility of protein, amino acid and energy in diet and as well as the activities of hepatopancreas protease and lipase; decrease in content of total protein and triglyceride and acid phosphatase activities in serum; (2) the optimal proportion of compounding with ESBM and fish meal was 8.40%:24% in the control diet for white shrimp, which contained 40% protein and 30% fish meal.3. Effects of combination of peanut meal and fish meal on growth, digestive enzyme activities, blood biochemical indexes and apparent nutrient digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei BooneA total of 720 shrimp (initial body weight 0.75±0.01g) were randomly distributed into eighteen 0.5m3 fiberglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and 3 tanks per diet, fed respectively with six kinds of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, which composed of combinations of 0,3.83%,7.65%,11.48%,15.30% and 22.96% peanut meal (PNM) and 30%,27%,24%,21%,18% and 12% fish meal, respectively. The shrimp were fed 4 times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 56d. The results indicated:the diet containing PNM was above 3.83%, WG, SGR and PER of white shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05), with PNM increasing and fish meal decreasing. FCR increased significantly (P＜0.05) with the diet containing PNM was above 11.48%, while the protein content of whole body in shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05). The lipid content of whole body in shrimp significantly increased (P＜0.05) with PNM was above 22.96% in the diets. Activities of hepatopancreas protease and lipase significantly decreased (P＜0.05) with peanut meal was above 7.56% in the diets, while activity of amylase significantly increased (P＜0.05). In the group with 7.56% PNM, content of total protein and cholesterol, and acid phosphatase activities in serum were significantly higher than those of the diet with 22.96% PNM (P＜0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein and energy in control diet were significantly higher than those of other diets (P＜0.05). Apparent protein digestibility in group with containing 3.83% and 7.65% PNM was higher than those with 15.30% and 22.9% PNM (P＜0.05).The apparent digestibility of total amino acid, nine kinds of essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids significantly decreased (P＜0.05) with PNM increasing and FM decreasing, at the same time, those in control diet were significantly higher than those in other diets (P＜0.05). The group containing 22.96% PNM was significantly lower than those of others (P< 0.05). However, changes in compounded proportion of PNM and FM showed no significant (P> 0.05) effect on SR, phosphorus and ash content of whole body in shrimp and apparent lipid digestibility. Results from this study indicated:(1) with the isonitrogenous compounded proportion of PNM and FM was above 3.83%:27% in diet, it showed that with decrease in WG and FCR of white shrimp with PNM increasing and FM decreasing, decrease in apparent digestibility of protein, amino acids and energy in diets, and as well as the activities of hepatopancreas protease and lipase; decrease in total protein content and triglyceride and acid phosphatase activitiesd in serum; (2) the optimal proportion of compounding with PNM and FM was 3.83%:27% in the control diet for Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp, which contained 40% protein and 30% fish meal.4. Effects of combination of corn gluten meal and fish meal on growth, digestive enzyme activities, blood biochemical indexes and apparent nutrient digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei BooneA total of 720 shrimp (initial body weight 0.712±0.012g) were randomly distributed into eighteen 0.5m3 fiberglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and 3 tanks per diet, feeding respectively with six kinds of isonitrogen and isoenergetic diets, which composed by combination of 0,3.14%,6.29%,9.44%,12.59% and 18.88% com gluten meal (CGM) and 30%,27%,24%,21%,18% and 12% fish meal (FM), respectively. The shrimp were fed 4 times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 56 d. The results showed that the diet containing CGM was above 9.44%, weight gain (WG) and SGR of white shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05) with corn gluten meal increasing and fish meal decreasing, while FCR increased significantly (P＜0.05); the content of CGM in diet was above 6.29%, the protein and phosphorus content of whole body in shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05), while lipid content significantly increased (P＜0.05). The diet containing CGM was 9.44%, accompanied with its increasing and fish meal decreasing, protease and lipase activities of hepatopancreas significantly decreased (P＜0.05), while activities of amylase significantly increased (P＜0.05). Total protein and triglyceride content in serum significantly decreased (P＜0.05) when the diet containing CGM was above 3.14%, while glucose content in serum significantly decreased significantly (P＜0.05) with the diets containing CGM above 9.44%. The cholesterol content in serum significantly increased (P＜0.05) when CGM was above 6.9%. Acid phosphatase activities in serum significantly decreased (P＜0.05) when the content of CGM in the diet was above 9.44%. Meanwhile, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, lipid and energy significantly decreased in diet (P<0.05), and apparent digestibility of essential amino acids (lysine, threonine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, valine and histidine, respectively) were significantly lower, when the diet included 9.44% CGM, accompanied with its increasing and fish meal decreasing, than those in control and groups included 3.14% and 6.29% CGM in diet, respectively (P＜0.05). Apparent digestibility of non-essential amino acid (glycine, alanine, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and tyrosine) significantly decreased (P＜0.05) except serine. Apparent arginine digestibility in group included 12.59% and 18.88% CGM were significantly lower than that in other groups (P＜0.05). But the variations were not marked (P> 0.05) in SR and ash contents of whole body among treatments.Results of this study indicated:(1) the isonitrogenous proportion compounded of CGM and fish meal was above 9.44%:21% in the diets, it showed that with decrease in growth performance of white shrimp and FCR with CGM increasing and FM decreasing; decreasing of apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, amino acid and energy in diets and as well as the activities of hepatopancreas protease and lipase, the content of total protein, cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride, and acid phosphatase activities in serum; but, increasing activity of lipase; (2) the optimal proportion of compounding of CGM and FM was 9.44%:21% in the basic diet for Litopenaeus vannamei, which contained 40% protein and 30% fish meal.5. Effects of combination of soy protein concentrate and fish meal on growth, blood biochemical indexes, activities of non-specific immune enzymes, and apparent nutrient digestibility for Litopenaeus vannamei BooneA total of 840 shrimp (initial body weight 0.44±0.002g) were randomly distributed into twenty- one 0.5m3 fiberglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and 3 tanks per diet, fed respectively with six kinds of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, which composed by compounded of 0,3.07%,6.14%,9.20%,12.27%,18.41% and 25.54% soy protein concentrate (SPC) and 30%,27%,24%,21%,18%,12% and 6% fish meal(FM). respectively. The shrimp were fed 4 times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 56d. Results indicated that the compounded proportion of SPC and FM was above 9.20%:21% in the diet, weight gain (WG) and SGR of white shrimp significantly decreased (P＜0.05) with SPC increasing and fish meal decreasing, but FCR significantly increased (P＜0.05). When the compounded proportion was above 12.27%:18%, protein efficiency ration (PER) and survival rate (SR) significantly decreased (P<0.05). The lipid content of whole body in shrimp with the diet containing 24.54% SPC was significantly lower than that of other groups (P＜0.05). Content of protein and cholesterol and activities of ACP, AKP, T-SOD and NOS in serum all significantly decreased (P＜0.05), with the diet containing 9.2% SPC. With containing SPC above 12.27% in diets, acid phosphatase activities, apparent digestibility of dry matter and energy decreased significantly (P＜0.05), on the contrary, the content of triglyceride glucose (TG) in serum were increased significantly (P＜0.05). Apparent digestibility of protein and lipid in control group and the group with containing 3.07% SPC, were higher than those in other groups significantly (P＜0.05), then, there were in group with 18.41% and 25.54% SPC were lower than other groups, significantly (P<0.05).When the content of SPC in diet was above 9.20%, accompanied with SPC increasing and fish meal decreasing, apparent digestibility of AA significantly decreased (P＜0.05); With containing 24.54% SPC in the diets, apparent digestibility of all the essential AA were lower than those of other groups, significantly(P＜0.05), at the same time, apparent digestibility of all non-essential amino acids were significantly lower than those in control group and group with containing SPC ranging from 3.07%-12.27%, with the diet containing 25.54% SPC (P＜0.05), except phenylalanine, tyrosine and serine. But the variations were not marked (P> 0.05) in moisture, protein and phosphorous contents of whole body among treatments. Results from this study indicated:(1) with the isonitrogenous compounded proportion of SPC and fish meal was higher than 9.20%:21%, it showed that with decrease in growth performance of white shrimp and FCR as SPC increasing and FM decreasing, decrease in apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, AA, lipid and energy, the content of protein, cholesterol and activities of ACP, AKP, NOS and SOD, increase in the content of triglyceride glucose; (2) the optimal proportion of compounding with SPC and FM was 9.02%:21% in the basic diet for shrimp, which contained 40% protein and 30% FM.6. Effects of combination of the plant protein mixture and fish meal on growth, blood biochemical indexes, activities of non-specific immune enzymes, and apparent nutrient digestibility in Litopenaeus vannamei BooneA total of 1440 shrimp (initial body weight 0.518±0.005g) were randomly distributed into thirty-six 0.5m3 fiberglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and 3 tanks per diet, fed respectively with six kinds of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets composed by compounded of 0,3.91%,7.82%,11.73%,15.64% and 23.46% plant protein mixture (ESBM:PNM:CGM=38%:17%:45%) and 30%,27%,24%,21%,18% and 12% fish meal (number:NO, N10, N20, N30, N40 and N60), respectively; at the same time, on this basis, adding crystalline amino acids(AA) (including L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-threonine and L-arginine) in order to balance content of AA to produce corresponding other six diets (number: C0, C10, C20, C30, C40 and C60), The shrimp were fed 4 times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 56 d. Results from this study indicated: WG, SGR, PER and the protein content of whole body in shrimp were significantly lower than those in other groups of white shrimp (P＜0.05), with the diet containing plant protein mixture was above 15.64% accompanied with its increasing and FM decreasing, while FCR significantly higher than other groups (P＜0.05).When the complex protein was above 11.73%, accompanied with its increasing and FM decreasing, the content of TG in serum of white shrimp were significantly increased (P＜0.05). With the diet containing complex protein was above 7.82%, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, AA and energy were significantly decreased (P<0.05). With the diet containing complex protein was above 11.73%, the apparent digestibility of eight essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, threonine, arginine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and valine were significantly decreased (P＜0.05), and so as well to the six non-essential amino acid including aspartic acid, proline, glutamic acid,serine, glycine and alanine (P＜0.05). But, the variations were not marked (P>0.05) in moisture and lipid content of whole body, SR, HBI, total cholesterol content and activities of T-SOD and NOS in serum and apparent Serine digestibility among treatments. When the proportion was 3.91%:27% in the die with amino acid balance, the WG and SGR of shrimp, the total protein content and activity of AKP and ACP in serum were significant increased (P＜0.05), meanwhile, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, methionine and serine were significantly increased(P＜0.05). With the proportion of plant protein mixture compounded with fish meal was 15.64%:18% in the diet with adding crystalline amino acids, the protein content of whole body in shrimp significantly increased (P＜0.05).The results showed that (1) when the proportion of plant protein mixture (including ESBM: PNM: CGM=38%:17%:45%) compounded with FM above 11.73%:21%, growth performance and feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, AA, lipid and energy, the total protein content and TG in serum were significantly decreased of juvenile shrimp (P＜0.05), so as well to the activities of ACP and AKP; (2) When the proportion of compounded plant protein mixture with fish meal was 3.91%:27% in the diet with adding crystalline amino acids, WG, SGR, the apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy and methionine and serine, total protein content and activities of ACP and AKP in serum were significantly increased (P＜0.05); (3) the optimal proportion of plant protein mixture (ESBM:PNM:CGM=38%:17%:45%) compounding with FM was 11.73%:21%, in the basic diet for Litopenaeus vannamei, which contained 40% protein and 30% fish meal.In summary, fish meal is a high quality protein resource for Litopenaeus vannamei, and the experiments results of the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, AA and energy revealed ESBM, PNM and CGM are comparable to fish meal regarding bioavailability. However, through the differential combinations of extruded soybean meal, peanut meal, corn gluten meal and soy protein concentrate with fish meal, respectively, growth performance feed utilization reduced as content of FM decreasing; the activities of proteinase and lipase and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, AA, lipid and energy decreased of Litopenaeus vannamei. As well as, the total protein and glucose content in serum decreased too, same as to the ACP and AKP activities. Decreased.in the growth, protein utilization, digestive enzyme activity, apparent nutrient digestibility, blood biochemical index and non-specific immunity, when exorbitanced proportion of plant protein mixture (composed by:ESBM:PNM: CGM=38%:17%:45%) compounding with FM in the diets. Based on the different compounded proportion, balanced AA could reduce the negative effect, which caused by compounded of plant protein mixture and FM. In the control diet which containing 40% protein and 30% FM for white shrimp, the optimal proportion of ESBM, PNM, CGM and SPC, respectively, compounding with fish meal were 8.40%:24%, 3.83%:27%,9.44%:21% and 9.20%:21%, respectively, and the optimal proportion compounded of plant protein mixture and FM was 11.73%:21%.
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