Study On The Overseas Counsellor Groups In The Late Qing Daynasty

There are two meanings in ancient China.First,for the local officials,in the late qing dynasty,under the governor of the three provinces and under the minister of the Tibetan affairs under the minister counsellor.Second,for the diplomats,the end of the qing dynasty,for the embassy is second only to minister senior diplomats,minister to foreign affairs.When the minister and the number of countries were appointed,the branch was set up to take charge of the affairs.During the government of beiyang,the embassy and the embassy were all counsellors,and the office of the government and the investigation report.When an ambassador or a minister is unable to see the matter,he is usually appointed by the counselor in charge of his position.This article deals with the definition of the counselor in the late qing dynasty.The period of study was the foreign counsellor group before the boxer incident of the late qing dynasty.That foreign minister sent to the g8 coalition forces of aggression against China in 1875,1901 years ago,time division because since the late qing dynasty,after the gengzi powers to force the qing dynasty to reform the system of foreign embassies in late qing dynasty by the foreign ministry reform the generality of the counselor groups,thus to study the common features of foreign counsellor groups in late qing dynasty,will study time range is defined.And this article try to 1875-1901 foreign counsellor group as the research object,the qing dynasty official biography literature,such as historical data and making traps manuscripts adopted literature interpretation and econometric analysis,comparative analysis and other research method of combining,to draw the outline of the general picture of this group,this article content is mainly related to the geographical distribution of counselor,penetration was born and subsequent way and specific effects,etc.,the following brief overview of the chapters.This paper is divided into four chapters:The first chapter: the Chinese and foreign exchanges in the early qing dynasty and the foreign ambassadors system in the late qing dynasty.The first section introduces the Chinese and foreign exchanges in the early stage of qing dynasty,which involves theform of communication and the foreign exchange institutions in the early qing dynasty.The second section introduces the formation of foreign diplomatic envoys in the late qing dynasty,which is to trace the background and development process of the dispatch from the prime minister's office in the late qing dynasty.Chapter two: the selection and geographical distribution of the overseas counsellor in the late qing dynasty.Section of this chapter is divided into two sections,the first to send the foreign secretary group of late qing dynasty and its group,the formation of the first macro tease out between 1875 and 1901,the counselor groups abroad in late qing dynasty,such as recruiting way,troops,the structure of the native source and origin of the state,and so on content;The second section discusses the geographical distribution of the overseas counsellors in the late qing dynasty,including Britain,Russia,Germany,Japan and the United States,and summarizes the specific responsibilities of the counselors in different regions.Chapter three: the branch and the following way of the overseas counsellor in the late qing dynasty.This chapter is divided into three,the first section deals with the distribution characteristics and the reason,counsellor native place throughout the southeast of the experience of fujian-guangdong and Su Wan zhejiang coastal area,the southeast and coastal areas and human geographical advantages,at the same time flag was born because of the rule of the qing dynasty attributes also quite share;Explore overseas counsellor origins structure in late qing dynasty in the second quarter,its origins structure mainly displays in most counsellor for different way was born,and the title is to donate more income,at the same time also has a part of the school student,it related to indicates lag of officialdom in late qing dynasty and the rise of a school,and foreign errand can obtain insurance award,but also attract many different way is willing to go to overseas;The third section deals with the follow-up to the diplomatic service in the late qing dynasty,including returning to China to continue to be a Beijing official or serving as a local official,serving as a staff member in the shogun office and continuing to engage in foreign affairs activities in the diplomatic community.Chapter four: the work and influence of the overseas counsellor in the late qing dynasty.This chapter includes two sections,the first deals with the counsellor including assist envoy diplomacy affairs of achievement in work,and as the foreign minister from China,counsellor agent service,good for envoy to complete service,promote the equality of the Chinese and foreign friendly orderly exchanges;Second is to explore the counsellor diplomatic activities and main influence brought about by this group,thepositive aspects to promote the exchange of thoughts of Chinese and western culture,negative aspects is not conducive to the late qing dynasty diplomats professional development,and it also provides the foreign ministry reform in late qing dynasty can jian.