Analysis Of Qianzhangda Cemetery In Tengzhou

The Qianzhangda ancient cemetery(?????)is located in Qianzhangda village,Guanqiaotown(???),Tengzhou city(???),Shandong Province.Its main remains are tombs,from the late Yin Ruins to the early Western Zhou Dynasty.Based on published materials,this paper is based on archaeological issues,using traditional archaeological methods,combining ancient documents,ancient writing materials,and statistical and sociological related methods and concepts to define the age,spatial layout and formation of the Qianzhangda cemetery.The process,the level of burial and related social issues are discussed,and the final emphasis is on the nature and ethnicity of the cemetery.The introduction part firstly clarifies the background and significance of the topic selection,briefly reviews the excavation and research history of the cemetery in Tengzhou,and introduces the research ideas and methods of this paper,and explains the related issues in the article.Chronological study of the cemetery.Starting from the three aspects of archaeological stratigraphy,archaeological typology and instrumental combination,the method is divided into several stages by means of cross-generation.Combined with the results of the existing data,the cemetery is divided into three phases,corresponding to the late Yin Ruins to the early Western Zhou Dynasty,roughly equivalent to DiYi(??)and DiXin(??)of the Shang Dynasty to the King Zhao(???)period of the Western Zhou Dynasty.The spatial layout of the cemetery.Spatial layout and structural morphology analysis are carried out through the location of the tomb,the level of the tomb,the direction of the tomb,the structure of the tomb,and the funerary objects.The cemetery is divided into two major areas,north and south.The southern area is divided into four districts.And the analysis shows that there are many differences between the northern and southern cemeteries.Several cemeteries are independent of each other,and each cemetery has its own characteristics.The rise and fall of Qianzhangda cemetery was sudden and showed a high level as soon as it appeared.The gap between the levels of tombs increased with the passage of time,and the cemetery did not show a trend of decline.Its disuse may be related to the establishment of ancient city site of the Xue state(????).The social problems reflected in the cemetery:mainly using quantitative analysis,statistical analysis for more intuitive analysis.Analysis of grade of the tomb.Taking the statistical value of the tomb value as the standard,the cemetery is divided into five grades,and the first level of tomb is the highest.From the first to the second period,the number of secondary tombs representing military aristocrats has increased greatly;from the second to the third period,the number of secondary tombs has decreased rapidly,while the proportion of third-level tombs representing small and medium-sized aristocrats and civilians has increased.Polarization between the rich and the poor is reflected in the cemetery.We draw on the economics "Gini coefficient"theory,and analyze that the polarization of the rich and the rich in the cemetery has been maintained at a very high level,especially in the second period,the most intense,speculating to be a reflection of special military and political events.We explore the identity of the tomb by calculating the coexistence coefficient of the funerary objects.It is analyzed that the tomb of the trapezoidal sandstone device should be related to the repair or processing of weapons or tools.The phenomenon of female burial weapons is also worth noting.These may be related to military functions.The nature and ethnicity of the cemetery.The cultural attributes of Qianzhangda cemetery are diverse,mainly based on Yin-Ruins culture.The cultural factors of the Western Zhou Dynasty are secondary,but gradually increase with time.A small number of local cultural factors and southern cultural factors have always existed.The military color of this cemetery was strong.During the late Shang Dynasty,the Qianzhangda group followed the King of Shang Dynasty to go on punitive xii expeditions against Renfang(??),and at that time they were subject to the Shang dynasty.However,after the revolution of Shang and Zhou Dynasty,the group defected from hang and attached Zhou,and playedan important role in the destruction of Shang by the Western Zhou and the Duke of Zhou's East-ward Conquest(????).They might have been conferred titles of nobility by the royal family in the early western zhou dynasty.In the late stage,as a cultural "Yin-survivor(??),and emphasizing their own tradition,to distinguish it from Zhou people,the old customs of Yin Dynasty increased.Regarding the nationality of Qianzhangda cemetery,through the analysis of the previous article,combined with the exploration results of ancient city site of the Xue state(????)and the literature and unearthed materials,the cemetery belongs to Xue-Shi(?-?)remains with the greatest possibility.This inference is yet to be examined in future archaeological work.