Study On The Stages And The Ages Of Guo Cemetery In Sanmenxia City

During the Zhou Dynasty,Ji 姬 family was an important position in the political life of the state.The discovery of Guo 虢 cemetery in Sanmenxia city,Henan Province provided valuable archaeological materials for the reconstruction of the history of Guo 虢,and also triggered intense attention and extensive research on the archaeology and history of Guo 虢 in the academic circles.However,due to the limited data,in the previous studies on the tomb of Guo 虢,the most basic stage and age research has not been well carried out.Taking the tomb of Guo 虢 at Sanmenxia as the object of study,this paper tries to make a comparative systematic study on the stages and age of the tomb of Guo 虢 at Sanmenxia by using archeological typology,archeological stratigraphy and vertical and horizontal comparison method and combining with the discussion on the history of Guo in the historical circle.The main staging sites are bronze tombs,the staging of bronze tripod 鼎,Li 鬲,Yan 甗,Gui 簋,Pot 壶 and Plate 盘 of archaeological typology analysis.Firstly,divided into different type and subtype,and will be divided into districts have successively evolution relationship type.According to the evolution of various types,types and subtypes,the bronze tomb area of Guo 虢 cemetery in Sanmenxia was divided into three successive stages.The representative tombs of the first phase are M2001,M2006,M2017,M1810,M1704,etc.The overall shape of the bronze tripod 鼎 of this period is relatively squat,the feet are relatively strong,generally thin in the middle and thick at both ends,the belly of the tripod is deep.Copper Li 鬲 have prominent shoulders and narrow feet at both ends.The main characteristics of copper Yan 甗 are lower foot and deep belly in the lower part of vessel,and deep belly in the upper part of vessel.The copper Gui 簋 is represented by the Ba type.The abdomen is flat and round,the lower part of the body is symmetrical,the ears are slightly smaller and slightly tilted upward,and the overall shape(including the cap)is relatively round.The bronze Pot 壶 has a large bell cap and bell ring foot opening,with the largest diameter on the abdomen.The main feature of the copper Plate 盘 is the smooth transition between the abdominal wall and the bottom of the vessel.The representative tombs of the second phase are M2008,M2013,M1052,M1820,etc.The bronze tripod 鼎 of this period is slightly thinner and taller than the previous one,with the middle of the foot becoming thicker and the abdomen becoming slightly shallower.The shoulders of copper Li 鬲 are smooth and the central part of the foot is almost as large as the two ends.The main characteristics of copper Yan 甗 are high feet,shallow belly and shallow belly of upper vessels.The abdomen of Copper Gui 簋 is relatively flat,the body is slightly upturned near the mouth,the ears are almost parallel,and the feet are slightly elevated.The copper Pot 壶 is thin and tall with the largest diameter at the bottom of the circle foot.The general characteristics of the copper Plate 盘 are that the degree of bending between the abdominal wall and the bottom of the vessel becomes larger,the abdomen becomes shallower,and the circle foot becomes larger.The representative tombs of the third phase include M2012,M2011,M2010 and M1706.The overall shape of the bronze tripod 鼎 in this period is mainly thin and tall.Some of its legs are nearly columnar,and there is a leaf edge at the heel.The abdomen is shallower.The shoulders of Copper Li 鬲 have almost disappeared and the feet are almost columned.The main characteristics of copper Yan 甗 are higher feet,flat belly and flat belly in upper vessels.The abdomen of the copper Gui 簋 s basin is relatively flat,the body of the vessel is turned up near the edge of the mouth,the appendage is placed slightly parallel to the lower part,the foot is higher,and the overall shape of the vessel is flat.The largest diameter of the copper Pot 壶 is in the abdomen.The general feature is that the neck is shortened and the abdomen is more flat.The general feature of the copper Plate 盘 is the obvious bending between the abdominal wall and the bottom of the vessel.In the past,the discussion on the age of the tomb of Guo 虢 was mainly about comparing some single typical objects with similar objects in other places.This paper tries to determine the age of the tomb more accurately through systematic comparison.The sequence and absolute age of Jin cemetery in Beizhao,which sites in Quwo County,Shanxi Province are basically clear and can be used for comparison.By comparing the first phase of Guo cemetery in Sanmenxia(mainly M2001)with that in Jin cemetery in M64 group(late western Zhou Dynasty)and M93 group(early Spring and Autumn Period),we know that the first phase of Guo cemetery is basically the same as that in M93 group,so we can conclude that the date of this phase should be the early spring and Autumn Period.Since the end of the third period was the time when Jin eliminated the Guo,the third period should be in the early and late period of the Spring and Autumn,that is,the second period was the middle period of the early and autumn period.