The Phonology Evolution Of Qinyang Dialect In Past 100 Years

Qinyang City is located at the junction of Henan Province and Shanxi Province,during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,it was the government of Huaiqing Prefecture.And it has been long served as a political,economic,and cultural center in northwestern Henan historically.Exploring the sound changes of Qinyang dialect in the past 100 years,concluding and analyzing the separation and combination of its initials and finals,which is good for the study of Chinese history phonology in Yubei Jin dialect and Chinese history phonology.It is also beneficial for the phonetic teaching of Mandarin,and the exploration and utilization of the local cultural resources.This is exactly where the theoretical and practical significances of the study lies.Bernhard Karlgren has been investigated and analyzed the Qinyang dialect with modern scientific methods in the early 20th century,in his book<Chinese Phonology Research>,he recorded the pronunciation more than 3000 words,the'dialect vocabulary',which is attached to the text lists over 1300 words.This made a valuable material for us to understand the phonology of the Qinyang dialect 100 years ago.During 1957 and 1959,Zhang Qihuan etc.have investigated the Henan dialect,and wrote the book<Overview of Henan Dialect Phonetics>,preserved the sound material in the middle of 20th century.Through the mothod of field invesltigation,descriptive analysis and inductive comparison,we have recorded the sound system of the Qinyang dialect in the early 21st century.Comparing and analyzing with Karlgren's phonetic notation,we can make a conclusion of the sound changes in the past 100 years.With the internal and external laws of phonology evolution,and the theory of diffusion sound change,overlapping sound change and sociolinguistics,we try to analyze the rules,ways and causes of its sound changes.Through synchronic description and diachronic comparison,we have found that in the past 100 years,the sound of Qinyang dialect has some changes in the initials and finals actually.In general,the change in the initials is not large,and the change in the finals is obvious relatively.The ways of change mainly include the reduction,addition and replacement of the sound elements.About the initials,the apico-postalveolar of ts?tsh?s?zhave been disappeared,and incorporated in the apico-alveolar of ts?tsb?s?z.Partial words of Wei and Yu-consonant,the initial of'v'has been disappeared,and incorporated in the zero initial'(?)'.And the lateral voiced initial behind the tip of tongue'?'has been added.For some words of the Yi-consonant,the initial from'(?)'to'?'.And the aspect of initials also has retention and disappearance of'advanced palatalization'and'conservative unpalatalization' phenomena,and the aspiration became unaspiration,the unaspiration became aspiration,and so on.About the finals,the stop ending'?'of some entering tone words,and the nasal ending'?'disappeared.Part of words of Guo,Yu She and Shan,Dang,Jiang She have added medial vowel'u',which became'uo'from'o'.Some ShuSheng characters added the stop ending '?'.And the syllabic ending of partial words in Xie and Zhi She became nasal consonant'n' from vowel 'i'.For some words of the Ni(Niang)-consonant in Yu and Tong She,their finals have been changed from'u' to'u(?)',partial words of the Ming-consonant in Geng and Zhen She,their finals became spoken sound'i',and read sound 'in'from'i(?)'.The nasal finals of some words in Zhen,Geng,Shen,and Zeng She beca,me'n'from '(?)'.And the final of labial words in Liu She You rhyme from 'u' to 'ou'.Etc.In addition,about the tone,there has been no change in the tone category,and the tone type and tone value have basically remained unchanged from the middle 20th to the early 21st century.The reasons for the phonology evolution mainly include two aspects:internal factors and external factors.Among them,the internal factors are the main internal laws,such as the assimilation of nasal initials produces nasal endings,the phenomenon of vowel heightening and high vowels of compound vowel increases the medial vowel 'u',and so on.External factors are mainly external influences,which is affected by Jin dialect and central plains mandarin in neighboring areas because of contact and immigration.Furthermore,some of the RuSheng ShuHua phenomenon belongs to diffusion sound change,partial colloquial and literary readings belongs to overlapping sound change.Aspiration or not,finals of Xie and Zhi She,ShuSheng CuHua,colloquial and literary readings and so on,considering age as a social factor,which reflected part of the theory of sociolinguistics.Because of the particularity of geographical location and dialect division,the Qinyang dialect has been radiated and influenced by the Central Plains Mandarin and Putonghua,and the available data shows that it has a tendency to move closer to the Central Plains Mandarin.