A Comparative Study Of The Waist Pit Tombs In Shang And Zhou Dynasties

In this paper,a total of 2,321 Shangzhou waist pit tombs were collected.Through the combing of the number,distribution and characteristics of the Shang and Xizhou waist pit tombs,the dynamic evolution process of the waist pit tomb from the early Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty is basically clarified.And we select some tombs from the typical cemetery of Zhengzhou Shang City,Gaocheng Taixi Village,the east area of Qijiazhuang,Dasikong Village,Zhangjiapo and Qianzhang,beginning with all aspects of funerary things-from the tomb direction,the tomb area,the funeral,the sex,the funeral wares,martyrdom of people or animal,to the funeral objects,then through the comparison between the waist pit tomb and the non-waist pit tomb,sum up the characteristics of the two,and explore the level and use of the waist tomb in each period.The main content of the thesis is divided into five chapters:Chapter 1: IntroductionFirstly,the definition of the waist pit tomb is explained.Secondly,the related research results of the waist pit tomb are sorted out.The problems and shortcomings in the previous research are summarized.The research contents of this thesis are put forward.Finally,give the introductions to related problems.Chapter 2: the waist pit tomb in the early Shang DynastyDuring the early Shang Dynasty,103 waist pit tombs were found,and they were concentrated in 11 sites in four provinces of Henan,Hebei,Shaanxi and Hubei.Among them,Henan has the largest number,and the average proportion of waist pit tombs in the sites is about 27%.The shape of the waist pit tomb during this period is mainly rectangular,with a small number of oval and square waist pits.The funeral thing is mainly dogs,and a small number of burial jade,the head of the dog is moreconsistent with the head of the tomb.Comparing some of the waist pit tombs of the two typical cemeteries-Zhengzhou Shang City and Gaocheng Taixi Village,with the non-waist pit tombs,it is found that the waist pit tombs are only visible in the third level tombs,and the fourth level is almost invisible.The setting of the waist pit in the same site during the early Shang Dynasty may be related to the status of the tomb owner.When the status of the tomb owner is high,and the possibility of setting a waist pit is high,and vice versa.Chapter 3: the waist pit tomb in the late Shang DynastyDuring the late Shang Dynasty,a total of 1,714 waist pit tombs were found,and they were concentrated in 23 sites in 7 provinces(cities)of Henan,Hebei,Shaanxi,Shandong,Shanxi,Jiangsu and Chongqing.The Yin Ruins in Anyang is the key area for the distribution of the waist pit tombs in the late Shang Dynasty.The average proportion of the waist pits in the sites is as high as 51%.The shape of the waist pit during this period is still mainly rectangular,and the number of oval and square waist pits is still small.A variety of shaped("T",semicircular,trapezoidal,shoe-shaped)waist pits have been added.The funeral thing is mainly dogs,and the head of the dog is mostly opposite to the head of the tomb.There are a small number of burial objects(jade,pottery,bronze),and some high-level tombs have also appeared martyrdom of people.Comparing some waist pit tombs with non-waist pit tombs of two typical cemeteries-the east area of Qijiazhuang and Anyang Dasikong Village,we can see the waist pit tombs of late Shang Dynasty were found in the second,third and fourth level tombs,which are no longer the privilege of the nobility and the rich,and some ordinary civilians have begun to use this funeral.The culture of early Western Zhou Dynasty is equivalent to the culture of the Yin Ruins in time,and it is also the period of late ShangDynasty.Therefore,this chapter set one section to analyze the waist pit tomb of the early Western Zhou.The author believes that the early Zhou Dynasty waist pit tomb is closely related to the Shang Dynasty's culture,and the waist pit burial custom used by it may be influenced by the Shang Dynasty's culture.Chapter 4: the waist pit tomb in the Western Zhou DynastyA total of 504 waist pit tombs were discovered during the Western Zhou Dynasty,distributed in more than 50 sites in Shaanxi,Henan,Shandong,Beijing,Shanxi,Gansu,Hubei,Jiangsu,Ningxia,Fujian and Hebei..Among them,Shaanxi has the largest number,and the average proportion of waist pit tombs in the sites is about 28%.The shape of the waist pit during this period is also mainly rectangular,but the proportion of the oval waist is improved compared with the late Shang Dynasty.And added 7 round waist pits,all from Gansu.In the waist pit,the funeral thing is mainly dogs,and there are a small number of poultry bones.The proportion of the jade and the people is lower than late Shang Dynasty.Comparing some of the waist pit tombs of the typical cemetery of Zhangjiapo and Qianzhangda,with the non-waist pit tombs,it is found that the waist pit tombs are found in the third and fourth grade tombs.The tomb owner is small and medium-sized aristocrat,and some civilians.According to the combination of the funerary objects in the waist pit tomb(heavy wine device)and the ethnic emblem,it can be basically judged that the people who used the waist pit burial custom in the Western Zhou Dynasty were Yin survivors.Chapter 5: ConclusionThe main research results and academic significance of this paper are summarized,and related issues that need further research are put forward.