A Stady On The Shang Dynasty Bronze Containers In The Southeast Of Taihang Mountain

The southeast foot of Taihang Mountain refers to the narrow strip between north of Qinhe River and south of Qihe River,southeast of Taihang Mountain and ancient Yellow River.The Shang Dynasty bronze vessels unearthed from the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain have the characteristics of quantity and wide distribution.The academic circles mostly stayed on the staged eradication,and the staged eradication of some utensils was more general.The bronze containers of the Shang Dynasty in the southeast of Taihang Mountain can be divided into six phases.The first phase corresponds to the second phase of the Erligang lower layer in the Shang Dynasty pottery staging,and the second phase corresponds to the first phase of the upper Erligang stage in the pottery staging to the early stage of the Baijiazhuang period.The third period corresponds to the late stage of the Baijiazhuang period in the pottery stage,the fourth period corresponds to the late or slightly later stage of the Yinxu second period,the fifth period corresponds to the third period of the Yinxu period,and the sixth period corresponds to the fourth period of the Yinxu period.There is a missing link between the third and fourth phases.In the casting process of the Shang Dynasty bronze containers in the southeast of Taihang Mountain,phenomena such as after-foot casting,ornamental engraving,and repairing ornaments on the posterior of the model were found.These phenomena were relatively rare or rarely found in the bronze casting process of the Shang Dynasty.The development of the Shang Dynasty bronze container casting process in the southeast of Taihang Mountain can be summarized into four stages: the first stage and the second stage are the initial stages.The casting process is relatively simple and primitive,which shows that the number of sub-models is small and the number of processes used is small;the third stage is In the development and exploration stage,a variety of new casting technologies emerged in this stage,such as after-foot casting technology and pattern engraving;the fourth and fifth stages are the casting technology standardization stages,which are manifested in two aspects,on the one hand arethe same type of utensils The casting process tends to be consistent,on the other hand,the local bronze casting process is similar to that of the same type of bronze casting in the same period;the sixth stage is the casting stage of the casting process,and the mold design and connection technology tend to be simplified.The casting process of the bronze containers of the Shang Dynasty in the southeast of Taihang Mountain is different from the bronzes unearthed at the same time in Zhengzhou Mall and Yinxu.There are also commonalities,indicating that the bronzes in the southeast of Taihang Mountain may be local casting,but the technical exchanges with the capital are frequent.The bronze decoration on the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain is divided into two categories: animal pattern and geometric pattern.The main decoration of the Shang Dynasty bronze container in the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain experienced a process from simple to complex to simple.The first phase of the animal face pattern did not appear,only the geometric pattern decoration,the second phase of the animal face pattern appeared,and once appeared Becoming the mainstream decoration,the vast majority of bronze wares are dominated by animal face patterns.The appearance and prosperity of animal face patterns indicate that the "ritual" function of bronze ware has been formed at this stage.In the fourth and fifth phases,the animal face pattern is still the main decorative pattern.At the same time,a large number of other animal patterns have become the main decorative patterns,indicating that the "media" that communicates the world has become richer at this stage.Judging from the development and evolution of the main ornaments on the bronze wares,from the first to the fifth phase,the function of bronze ceremonies is constantly strengthening.In the sixth period,the type of decoration is not as rich as the fifth period,the area of decoration is reduced,the phenomenon of "lightening" appeared on the bronze decoration,indicating that the "ritual" function of the bronze was weakened.The auxiliary ornaments of the bronze wares in the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain also experienced a process from scratch,and then from complex to simple.The stage features of the auxiliary ornaments are also the manifestation of the enhancement and weakening of the bronze ritual function.The auxiliary ornaments on the bronze ware,such as Kui,snake,and banana leaf patterns,often appear as auxiliary ornaments,and rarely appear in the form of main ornaments.This reflects theprimary and secondary nature of bronze ornaments in the world of merchants ’thoughts.The main decoration is the main role of ritual activities,and the auxiliary decoration plays a secondary role in the ritual activities.The bronze ornaments on the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain and the bronze ornaments of the same period in the capital have synchronization,indicating that the two places have the same etiquette system.The hierarchical nature of the ornamentation indicates that the bronze rank of the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain is lower than the highest-level utensils in the capital,but higher than the general rank utensils of the capital,that is,the bronze holders in the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain have relatively high social status.The combination of the site of the bronze container with other sites can reflect the distribution of high-level people,and then reflect the location of the regional center.There are two regional centers in the early Shang Dynasty at the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain.It is the center of Jiaozuo Prefecture.The regional center in the late Shang Dynasty was Chu Qiu in Hui County.During this period,Liuli Pavilion in Hui County still had a high status.The changes of the Shang Dynasty regional center in the southeast foot of Taihang Mountain are synchronized with the changes of the capital city,indicating that the regional center of this area may be directly controlled by the capital city.