Research On Land Management Of Firm In North China During Late Qing Dynasty

During the Ming and qing dynasties,the commodity economy developed by leaps and bounds,the phenomenon of merchants’ cross-regional operation was widespread,and the commercial custom system developed to a relatively mature level.As one of the levels of the domestic market,the rural market has become a gathering place for handicraft workshops and usury merchants.With the penetration of usury commercial capital into the countryside and the widespread use of partnership,professional or part-time businesses in rural market towns have become one of the main sources of loans for farmers.The huge financial demand in rural areas also has a driving force for merchants and landowners to set up business houses to participate in financial lending operations.Roughly in the middle and late qing dynasty,zhili,henan,shanxi,shaanxi and other areas,specializing in land management and partnership businesses.In addition,affected by the development of commodity economy,rural landlords also set up business houses and transferred the land sales and loans previously managed by private enterprises to business houses.Because the turnover time of land loan is too long,most of the loan cannot be repaid in a short time,even after land mortgage,farmers are no longer able to redeem,resulting in land mortgage loan business,gradually increase land tenanshan,farmor collection and other business.In the process of late border migration,the phenomenon of immigrants setting up businesses to charter land,recruiting permanent workers and producing and trading food appeared in hetao and northeast China.From the middle and late qing dynasty to the republic of China,it became more and more common to engage in commercial,financial,agricultural and other comprehensive business in rural areas.As a group landlord,the corresponding concept of the firm is private or individual landlord land management.The concrete performance of the company’s land management is to sign the land contract with the company as the creditor’s right or debtor externally,and with the company as the accounting subject internally.Firms become organizers of the new production,although there is no innovation in the mode of production,production tools,no breakthrough on commercial agriculture,but they will belong to the land of landlords,yeoman originally intake to business name,makeagricultural production more closely contact with the commodity economy,promote the commercialization of food production,by lending firms control the land,so as to serve the food trade and handicraft production,similar to the current "company +farmor household" model,also accord with "no capitalization of proletariat" road.In the period of the republic of China,the agricultural reclamation companies,with the exception of a few improved production equipment and methods,mostly belong to the land management phenomenon of the late qing dynasty,that is,the use of commercial usury capital for exploitation.Use commercial usury capital to control agricultural production and carry out economic exploitation.From the individual landlord to the firm partnership,is then the development of commodity economy,rural financial capital active performance.The firm plays a certain role in providing financial products for the countryside,and plays an active role in the process of frontier land development,immigrant land reclamation and grassland trade.However,the phenomenon of trade name land management could not resist the influence of the great era,the late years of the emperor guangxu of the qing dynasty,the court interfered in the reclamation,the republic of China period warlords forcibly confiscate the land and canals,caused great damage to the economy and ecology of Mongolia.In addition,the inland drought,war disaster,exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous.Anti-Japanese war broke out,all over the business have sold off land,recovery of capital.After the founding of new China,the gradual implementation of land reform,trade name land management phenomenon basically disappeared.