A Study Into The Secularization Of Dunhuang Buddhism In The Middle And Late Tang Dynasty,the Five Dynasties And The Early Song Dynasty

Buddhism was introduced into China from India through the Western regions during the two Han dynasties,and Dunhuang became a necessary place on the road of transmission.It has been proved that Buddhism took root and sprouted in Dunhuang,making Dunhuang a Buddhist city.Dunhuang from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty pushed the development of local Buddhism to its peak.In the process of this development,the principle of secularization,which is most valued by Buddhists,has changed greatly with the exchange and collision with secular forces-secularization.As one of the "three treasures" of Buddhism,monks and nuns are an inevitable link in the topic of secularization of Buddhism.Dunhuang in the "mid-to-late Tang and early five dynasties and Song dynasty",which experienced the period of Tubo occupation and the reign of the Gui Yi Army,is an important period of long and complete existence in the political history of Dunhuang,and the special political environment has an important influence on the promotion of the secularization of Buddhism.Dunhuang,where Buddhist culture flourishes,has left a wealth of grottoes and documents.Through these materials,it is known that the secularization of Buddhism in this period was reflected in Buddhist temples,monks and nuns,Buddhism and other important contents.This article takes "the secularization of Dunhuang Buddhism in the middle and late Tang Dynasty and the early Song Dynasty" as the research object,adopts the research method of historical philology,and mainly makes use of the written documents of Dunhuang and the inscriptions of the providers of the Mogao Grottoes,and probes into the secularization of Dunhuang Buddhism in Tubo and Guiyi Army period from three aspects: Buddhist temples,monks and nuns and Buddhist dharma.In addition to the introduction,the article is divided into four chapters.The first chapter describes the general situation of the development of Dunhuang Buddhism in the middle and late Tang Dynasty,the five dynasties and the early Song Dynasty,under the background of the Buddhist policies of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty,combined with Dunhuang documents,this paper discusses the interdependent relationship between the local regime and Buddhist forces in Dunhuang during the period of Tubo and Guiyi Army.During the period of Tubo occupation,the Buddhist power of Dunhuang was retained and the policy of worshiping Buddhism was adopted.During the Gui Yi Army period,Dunhuang Buddhism continued to develop,with 17 official monasteries and thousands of monks and nuns.However,neither of them is unlimited to protect Buddhism,and the measures to suppress the development of Buddhism are also noteworthy,which reflects the delicate relationship between the secular regime and the religious community that compete with each other but ha ve to borrow from each other.The second,third and fourth chapters are based on Buddhist temples,monks and dharma which are closely related to monks and nuns.As a place where monks and nuns live,various Buddhist activities and even secular activities take it as the center,Buddhist monasteries are the basis for the development of Buddhism,an inseparable topic for exploring the development of Buddhism,and an inseparable link for understanding the secularization of Dunhuang Buddhism.Therefore,the chapter "Buddhist Temple and Buddhist secularization" is discussed from three sections: the establishment of Buddhist temples,temple economy and temple management.The third chapter is the study of monks and nuns and the secularization of Buddhism.First of all,this paper discusses the origin and composition of Dunhuang monks and nuns,and further explores the close relationship between the local families and the Buddhist world.then it discusses the phenomenon of Buddhist secularization reflected in the acceptance of the precepts of monks and nuns,such as "nobility of monks and nuns,degree of sale,nationality of monks and nuns and their management".Then,focus on the secularization of monks and nuns,such as "disobedience of food and culture,excessive accumulation of wealth in economic life,'not leaving home' in secular relations and excessive political participation" in the life of monks and nuns.The fourth chapter is the study of Buddhist dharma and secularization of Buddhism.The "diversity and diversity" of the contents of the Tibetan Sutra,the "worship" of all the "sutras" of the Dunhuang people,the "popularization and popularization" of Buddhist activities,and the "popularization and liberalization" of Buddhist activities are all closely related to Buddhism;the "popularization and liberalization" of the way of promotion,the "secularization and utilitarianism" of the purpose of Buddhism,and the religious will of Buddhism is weakening in terms of Buddhism or the secular world.