On Karl Marx's Concept Of Historical Science

The idea of history and the idea of science embody the spirit of the times in nineteenthcentury Germany,and their evolution and convergence and Hegel's historical scientific system form the historical premises of Marx's concept of historical science.In terms of the idea of history,the modern people have particular historical consciousness focusing on the particularity of different individuals in history and universal historical consciousness focusing on the process constituted by the individuals in history,among modern people.The realization of the idea of history is a variety of narratives of history,with three basic types: original history,reflective history and philosophical history.Historicism is also divided into particular historicism and universal historicism.In terms of the idea of science,there are two main types of scientific consciousness among modern people,namely,the particular scientific consciousness that sees science as an organic unity and the universal scientific consciousness that sees science as merely a collection of different disciplines of science.The realization of the idea of science,i.e.science,has three basic types: original science,reflective science and philosophical science.Scientism is also divided into particular scientism and universal scientism.The scientific movement of German philosophy is the movement of ideas that attempts to provide a unifying basis for science with philosophy.In terms of historical scientific concepts,Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit builds a historical scientific system.In Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences,the way in which ideas reach the Absolute Spirit is no longer historical.History becomes confined to this scientific system,and the philosophy of world history becomes the new historical science.Karl Marx was influenced by the spirit of the times,upholding universal historical consciousness and universal scientific consciousness.In Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,Marx presented a preliminary idea of historical science,a unified historical science based on sensibility that combines the natural sciences and the science about human beings into one science.In a deleted paragraph from The German Ideology,Marx called historical science the only science.After The German Ideology,Marx used "historical science" very rarely,and not in the sense of a unified science.Engels uses "historical science" more often,but in a sense relative to the natural sciences.In short,Marx had three historical sciences with different meanings at different times: a unified science based on historically generated sensibility;a unified science centered on the historical dimension;and a science centered on the study of humanities and society.Marx experienced a change of paradigms of science,from philosophical science to reflective science.The unified scientific concept was the last remnant of German idealist philosophy that Marx cleaned up before entering materialist conception of history,but it played an integral role in this process.The natural science has the same importance in form as humanities in the early Marx,but in mature Marx's materialist conception of history it plays only an auxiliary and secondary role.Marx's historical science is significantly more comprehensible and has more immediate empirical and practical implications,making itself a tremendous intellectual force that has truly changed human history.But because of the relatively independent relationship between empirical research and concept,Hegel's historical science still has a place today.History,as the basis of a unified science,not only has the difficulty of being able to integrate all knowledge,especially natural sciences,but also has its own incoherence.But historical science is still no less a direction that helps to construct a unified view of knowledge.Any attempt to unify all knowledge immediately becomes a professional orientation,leaving no possibility of unifying science.This is the dialectic of the age of knowledge specialization.After Hegel,the historical sciences evolved from a unified conception of science to a scientific discipline opposed to the natural sciences.Engels,Dilthey,Windelband,Rickert,and others successively defining the historic humanities.With the rise of social science,represented by Weber,the triad of natural sciences,social sciences and humanities was established as the intellectual map.Criticism of historical consciousness and historicism that makes history no longer fundamental to the nature of the humanities.Historical science changed from one philosophical science to many reflective sciences.On the one hand,it is considered by many to be no longer science,and on the other hand,as the specialization of knowledge is divided into historical disciplines,it does not form a unified science category.