Research On The Issue Of Women’s Income Punishment In Different Stages Of Marketization In China

The two-child policy has been opened,the dilemma women face in giving birth and working and earning.Based on the relationship between the female fertility and wage income as the research subject,using the modern economics,especially the basic theory and method of labor economics,combined with the current actual situation,studying the effect of birth to female wage income,and further analysis on the different income level fertility influence degree and mechanism of income.With the transformation of China’s economy and the further development and maturity of socialist market economy,female labor force has been occupying an increasingly important position in China’s labor market,and started to participate more in the labor market from the traditional family labor,especially in enterprises,to become enterprise workers.Under the background of second child,the impact of childbirth on women’s employment and wage income is more concerned.Women will meet in the life cycle of birth and employment dilemma,because fertility will inevitably affect the employment,namely the female fertility may result in the labor market participation of a temporary or long or short interruption,this inevitably negative influence on the human capital accumulation,an adverse effect on the wage income,the cost which is commonly referred to as female fertility or "punishment".However,this demonstration of labor economics on the correlation between female fertility and working income may be different in different institutional environments in different countries and have different effects.This is worthy of our study of its specific role in the conditions of China.In particular,to clear up the question,for our analysis under the condition of China’s family planning policy to gradually let go,you will naturally to realize the growth of female fertility,and if not,what supporting policy to adjust,need to take to achieve the goal of promote the rate of population increase,has theoretical and practical significance.This article attempts from the point of view,using the Chinese family health and nutrition survey(CHNS)data,under the basic frame of labor economics,adopting the fertility quantile regression to study the female wage income on the income distribution of "punishment effect",on the basis of investigation the two stages of market development degree is different in China-in the early 1990 s and 2010 years later,if there are different,and further in-depth discussion in market development at this stage,female family "cost" of group differences and mechanisms.The research ideas of this paper are mainly divided into the following parts.The first chapter is an introduction,which mainly introduces the background,significance and research methods of this paper.Chapter two is a literature review,which reviews the theoretical research and empirical research results on female reproductive cost from both foreign and domestic aspects.The third chapter is the theoretical basis,mainly from the theoretical perspective to explore the possible mechanism of female reproductive punishment,respectively from human capital theory,family economic theory,discrimination theory and several other aspects.The fourth chapter is the data analysis of the paper,introducing the source of the data and explaining the sample,including setting of variables,meaning,research methods,model setting,etc.The fifth chapter is the description and analysis of the research results,including statistical description and empirical analysis.This paper analyzes the existence and influence of fertility punishment of Chinese women,and further studies whether the effect is different in groups,such as women’s education level,occupation,unit attribute,etc.The sixth chapter mainly summarizes the results of empirical research and gives some Suggestions.Through research,this paper hopes to get the following conclusions:(1)in the two stages with different degrees of marketization development in China,the effect of fertility punishment is inconsistent.In the early 1990s of the market-oriented reform,female "fertility cost" did not obviously exist,while in the deeper stage of marketization development,such fertility penalty effect was significant,indicating that female fertility cost occurred when the degree of marketization development was relatively high.(2)when the degree of marketization is high,the impact of fertility cost on different income distribution is different;Women with high education levels in the market sector face higher fertility costs and greater fertility penalties for careers in senior management and expertise.This article research conclusion has strong realistic meaning,have two children,is not just an individual and family production,is also the social production,the second child policy brought about by the demographic dividend Shared by all,their reproductive costs also should be Shared by the society,in the era of "comprehensive two children",to realize the target population policy adjustment,the reform of the existing social service system,public nursery system,child-rearing costs socialization is the inevitable choice.