Research On The Role Of The Federal Government In The Scientific Research Development Of American Research Universities

The scientific research in American research universities has grown out of nothing,and shows the process of strengthening,in which the federal government plays an important role.In 1876,the establishment of Johns Hopkins University,the first American research university,marked the beginning of modern scientific research in American universities.Under the influence of Johns Hopkins University's emphasis on graduate education and research innovation,research function is gradually established in American universities.However,in the long history,the overall scientific research capacity of American universities was not outstanding.Before the Second World War,it was still weak,with little significance for national development and little financial support from the federal government.After the Second World War,especially in the “Manhattan Project”,the federal government was convinced by the excellent scientific research capability of American research universities.Thus,large-scale federal funding emerged,and a national awareness of scientific research began to take shape.Accordingly,the role of the federal government became increasingly prominent.In a time of peace,especially in the 1970 s,American universities continued their glory in the face of severe economic crisis and became the foundation for the country to improve its economic competitiveness with wartime honors.Subsequently,supporting the development of research universities became the governing point of successive governments.Based on Stakeholder Theory,this study explores the changes of the role of the federal government,a stakeholder in the development of research universities in the United States,from a historical perspective.During the study,Literature Analysis,Comparative Analysis and Historical Analysis are used alternately.This thesis focuses on the changes in the relationship between the federal government and research universities,analyzing the methods and measures of the federal government's research funding for research universities in different historical stages,showing the relationship between the federal government and research universities,and examining the role of the federal government in the research development of research universities.Based on this,this thesis consists of five chapters:The first chapter is the introduction,which mainly includes the reason and the significance,concept definition,literature review,research theory,research ideas and research methods.The second chapter analyzes the reasons for the estrangement between the federal government and universities before the Second World War and the reasons for the federal government's initial involvement in university research.The third chapter focuses on the policies and measures of the federal government to support the research development of research universities in the Second World War and the early Cold War,so as to show the change of the role of the federal government in the research development of research universities in this period.This chapter first analyzes the reasons why the federal government changed its role in the scientific research and development of research universities,and then discusses how the federal government promoted the development of research universities' scientific research through the establishment of Office for Scientific Research and Development,the “Science: The Endless Frontier” and the National Defense Education Act.Finally,this chapter expounds the influence of the federal government on the development of research universities in America during this period.The fourth chapter analyzes the reasons for the changes in scientific research policies of American research universities and the specific scientific research measures of the federal government in the three historical stages of the 1970 s,1980s and 1990 s to the present.During this period,the changes in the federal government's research policies and attitudes towards research universities have affected them.The fifth chapter is the conclusion and revelation.This chapter summarizes the changes in the role of the federal government in the research development of American research universities,and reflects on the relationship between the federal government and the research development of research universities,in order to be able to deal with the relationship between universities and governments in the construction of China's “Double First-rate” universities,and provide the necessary reference for weighting the role of the government in the development of university's scientific research.