The Application Of Counterfactual Reasoning In Middle School History Teaching

Counterfactual reasoning is a mode of thinking that imagining a certain situation by assuming conditions contrary to facts.It is a thinking method that combines retrospective analysis and prospective analysis,and it is related to historical supposition and historical imagination.There are three types of it in the middle school history teaching: addition,subtraction and substitution.It is often used by teachers and students in middle school history teaching.The possibility of history and the essence of history teaching make the application of counterfactual reasoning in middle school history teaching come true.Proper counterfactual reasoning can help to transform teaching and learning methods,make students understanding the cause-and-effect relationship of history,and distinguishing the inevitability and contingency factors that affect history.In addition to,it will develope historical critical thinking and the humanistic education.Counterfactual reasoning use in middle school history teaching should follow four principle:scientificity,plausibility,relation to theory and facts.We should respect historical facts,based on the requirements of teaching conforms and the development of students' thinking.It can be applied in the study of important turning points,the analysis of the causes of historical events and the emphasis on the importance of historical events and historical figures by changing historical conditions and targeting historical contingency.In the history teaching of middle school we can use scenario analysis to make it come true which based on historical facts,studying historical materials and use it to create situation.