| Henan has always been a hard-hit area for disaster relief,and it was also in the early Qing Dynasty.During this period,the Henan disaster has a high frequency of occurrence,outstanding annual success,less winter and spring in the season,more summer and autumn,extensive spatial distribution,and other disasters such as drought and hunger.Features such as concurrency.The occurrence of this is caused by the dual effects of the natural environment and social factors.The suitable natural environment provides a living space for the breeding and development of locusts.The local government and people's non-vigilance and inaction of locusts cause locusts to plague and affect peoples Daily life.The response measures of Henan disaster relief in the Qing Dynasty can be mainly divided into two stages.The first stage is that the locusts before the disaster respond to the disaster from the central government to the local government and then to the public.They all used their own methods and methods to eliminate disasters,such as: digging.Ditch incineration,sweeping locusts,artificially driving away,buying locusts,harvesting crops,and using locust predators to eradicate locusts,and even resort to more negative methods of worshipping the temple in the hope of eliminating locusts.In many places,it has not been a disaster because of the timely implementation of catching.However,as a kind of administrative operation,the arresting work has also caused some problems: Local high-level officials have overly trusted lower-level bureaucrats and did not go to the field to look at them;they used the spurs of the neighbors to shirk and shirking their responsibilities;they did not do their utmost to carry out the arrest work.Scribbled to deal with the situation,after the imperial embarrassment went away,the situation of rejuvenation;investigation too much follow-up,disturbing the people.The second stage is the response to the post-disaster response.At this stage,the central government relieves the tax burden of the people after the disaster by granting tax relief.The local government raises grain,maintains the market's normal order,and reduces food pressure.The people do their best to help the villagers.To be close to each other to ease the people's famine.For thedisposal of the migrants,they are generally advised to return to their homes and place them in place.The most direct impact of disaster relief on the daily life of the people is the food issue.The food issue has triggered a series of related problems,such as food prices,land,and group events.In terms of grain prices,due to the fact that the grain yield in Henan was not high,coupled with the prevalence of winds in this area,it also consumed a lot of grain,making the grain reserves insufficient to meet the annual expenditures of the famine,resulting in rising food prices.On the issue of land,because many people at the bottom are unable to cope with the famine,they sold their land,their families and even themselves to the rich class such as big landlords and big businessmen,causing serious land concentration problems.In the case of a mass incident,it was because the people were unable to cope with the many taxes collected by the government and sent money and food to the public and they had to take risks to get together.Through the study of the disaster-relief issues in Henan in the early Qing period,we can have the following understanding: First,in the response to the famine in the early Qing Dynasty,the government was in a dominant position.In the whole process of Henan's arrest and rescue of wasteland,the figure of the government can be seen everywhere.Whether it is the carrying out of hunting or the construction and management of local warehousing,the official figure can be seen.The non-governmental forces are just a complement to the power of the government.Second,with the deepening of the cognition of locusts by the rulers,the policies for disaster relief have changed.In the Shunkang period,the government will specifically provide relief and taxation for disaster relief,and provide disaster relief to the disaster victims.After the Yongzheng era,the relief and pension policies specifically designed for disaster relief will no longer occur,but the emperor's weak punishment for local officials As the number of crickets gradually increases,the concept of “manpower can win” has continued to emerge in the catching camp.The third is to pay attention to the chain reaction of social issues after the disaster.The disaster relief issue is not a separate issue.It has a wide range of impacts.For the study of disaster relief issues,disaster relief should not be a simple matter of disaster relief.Instead,it should consider the social impact of disaster relief and the social influence of various social strata.Response to the reaction,... |
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