Temporal And Spatial Distribution And Social Response Of Cattle Plague In Qing Dynasty

In the animal disaster of Qing Dynasty,cattle epidemic occurred frequently.In the 268 years of Qing Dynasty,the statistics of 18 provinces in the mainland showed that there were 510 cattle epidemic disasters,of which the number of disaster was 129 years,and the frequency of cattle epidemic in Qing Dynasty was 48.31%.From the overall trend point of view,The frequency of the cattle in the middle and early stages of the Qing Dynasty was higher.the medium frequency is low.In terms of seasonal distribution,spring and summer are more likely to be more frequent.From the geographical distribution point of view,a total of 268 county districts have occurred cattle epidemic.Among them,there are 100 counties with more than two epidemics,42 with 3-5 times,8 with 6-10 times,and 1 with 10 or more times.The high frequency occurrence of epidemic disaster are Hunan,Henan,Shandong,Zhejiang,Gansu,Jiangsu.The epidemic of cattle plague in the Qing Dynasty was related to natural factors such as drought,rain,cold damage and irregular weather.Among them,in the 510 cattle epidemic records,the drought caused the disease 45 times,the waterlogging disease caused the disease 19 times,the cold damagecaused the disease10 times,irregular weathercaused the disease 47 times.Cattle disease has led to the death of cattle,resulting in economic damage to smallholder families.Major outbreaks can cause huge damage to the agricultural economy in the affected areas.In addition,the improper handling of the dead cattle corpse caused the outbreak to spread further,making the outbreak difficult to quell for a long.In response to the cattle epidemic measures,the folk response is relatively passive,more in the epidemic after the use of alternative animal farming methods to deal with the situation of spent cattle cultivation,blessing sacrifice is also a common method.Folk taxi gentry sometimes take on the responsibility of local rescue,buy a kind of loan,concentrate on cattle carcasses.Officially,when the epidemic is heavier,it has assisted the affected areas in a way that responds to the famine,sometimes with financial contributions,issuing or borrowing cattle species,and even holding official sacrifices to pray for the people,and in general,medical treatment is less documented.In the Qing Dynasty,the phenomenon of folk slaughter was forbidden,and it was often carried out by the people under the guise of cattle disease,so the officials imposed control measures to curb the phenomenon of private slaughter.