Research On Modern Officials And Gentry And Shandong Railway (1899-1937)

In the late Qing dynasty,the railway was introduced to China by western powers.The Qing rulers adopted a hostile attitude towards the railway,and the railway construction was also banned.Because of Japan's aggression,the pressure of national defense was so great that some westernized people realized the importance of railway construction.After westernization,the westernized people proposed to the Qing government to change the attitude of the railway and the Qing government adopt a pilot policy on the railway.After the success of Li hongzhang pilot three railway,coupled with the Qing dynasty of frontier crisis,in order to save the rule of the crisis,the Qing government took the attitude of supporting for railway,which made the railway be the national police to run.The first railway to be built in Shandong was Jiaoji railway,and the German aggressor was used as an excuse to build the railway.Despite the resistance of some people in the late Qing dynasty,such as Zhang zhidong,the opposition of Zhang zhidong and others did not play any role in the decline of the Qing dynasty.The second railway line in Shandong section of Nanjing?Chuxian section on Jin?Pu railway railway construction was started by British and the Germany but Zhili,Shandong,Anhui,Jiangsu the four provincial officials in Beijing and four provincial gentry concerted opposition,they pushed through the pressure to petition the Qing government,and the request of Nanjing?Chuxian section on Jin?Pu railway rail was designed by August.The government had to send yuan shikai to negotiate with the British and German powers,and finally got the right to build the railway.In Shandong province,the third railway Yan ?Wei railway was planned and built by Yantai businesses who was in order to save the commercial status of Yantai.As for Yan?Wei railway construction plan,a hostile and planned by German occupation,Shandong consultation bureau also wanted to intrude railway construction,under the official powers and mutual interference,Yan?Wei railway construction plan eventually went bankrupt.When Germany host Jiaoji railway to Gaomi,because the railway workerswere a nuisance and Jiaoji railway building occupation farmers fields and burial site,blocked rivers,flood,and consistent opposition from local people,local people fight Germany railroad,formed the resistance movement.At that time,Shandong governor was Yuxian,Yuxian is a die?hard,and has always been disgusted with the western powers.Yu?xian knew that the public's resistance movement was caused by the construction of Jiaoji railway in Germany.Yu?xian has been trying to deal with the contradictions between the public and Germany in the process of dealing with the people's resistance movement,but has not succeeded.As soon as possible in order to deal with resistance of Shandong road,Qing dynasty sent yuan shikai succeed Yu xian as the governor of Shandong,the way of using force against yuan shikai blocking roads to the public struggle,yuan shikai was sent to suppress the people's army and the German military was shocked.Yuan shikai was also constantly with German negotiations,signed the sino?german Jiaoji railway,articles of association,articles of association to regulate the behavior of German construction of Jiao?ji railway,the railway articles of association of the interests of the people also more protection,under the correct handling of yuan shikai,the road resistance movement soon subsided.After the outbreak of the first world war,the Japanese took advantage of the war to seize the jiji railway.At the conference in Pairs,preparations were made to ensure that Japan succeeded Germany in its control of the jiji railway.The Japanese plan was reached at home and met with unanimous opposition from all over the country.The crowds gathered to demonstrate the government's enormous public pressure,forcing the government not to abandon China's legitimate interests and to fight against it.Chinese diplomats also argued at a diplomatic conference that,with public and patriotic public efforts,the railway was eventually reclaimed.Yantai landed gentry merchants in the early years of the republic of China again exploding Yan?Wei railway planning,although this time building program supported by the government,but the outbreak of the first world war,Japan's occupation of Shandong,Yan?Wei railway planned forced Yantai gentlemen and business administration Yan?Wei railway plans failed again.In the construction of Shandong railway,it was often accompanied by the mutualgame between the officials,the gentry,the government and the people.In Shandong area,modern capitalism development degree was not high,it also determines the construction of the railway in Shandong,the right to take back often held by official,civil administration building railways planning always ended in failure.It was a remarkable feature of Shandong railway development.