The Religious, Political Activities And Legal Inheritance Of Xikonuo Nahutuktu In The Mainland

The era in the Republic of China is considered as an era full of changes and risks as Tibetan local government,the government of the Republic of China,warlords and local forces were either in competition or cooperation when Xikang Region(Kham)is concerned.It is also noted for having witnessed Tibetan Buddhism monks broadcast their teachings in hinterland China and cooperated with Chinese Buddhists in the joint efforts in the Anti-Japanese war,thus became significant figures in both religious and political areas.Since then,the exchange between Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism was further developed and the tie connecting Tibetan and Chinese people was even fastened.One of the most legendary figures in this specific era is Nuona Hutuketu(1865-1936),who was a monk of Nyingma school in Leiwuqi Monastery.In 1911 he was involved in the battle of Bomi and was said to be the person who killed the king of Bomi.In the battle of Chamdo in1917,he was captured in fights with Tibetan army,later escaped from the custody and moved to hinterland China.In a few years he became a very influential monk as a result of religion preaching and his participant in political activities for Anti-Japanese purpose.Later on he was appointed as the member of the Mongolian and Tibetan Committee and wasinvolved in the Kham Provincial Establishment Movement.In 1935,Nuona returned to his Kham hometown at age of 70,triggering the famous ‘Nuona Incident' shortly before he was captured by the Red Army and died in 1936.Nowadays,he is still worshipped as a forerunner who widely promotes Tibetan Tantra Buddhism in hinterland China by his followers.The first half of his life can be used to mirror the Kham history transferring from late Qing to early period in Republic of China,and the second half of his life has witnessed the spread of Tibet Buddhism in hinterland China and the political situation of Kham in 1920s-1930 s as well.No matter in politics or in religion perspective,Nuona provides a profound case for researchers.The essay comprises of five parts.The introduction presents the significance of the theme and research methods implemented: Literature research combined with on-site interviews.The first chapter includes the introduction of Nuona,previous research findings about him and his chronology before he headed for hinterland China in 1924.This part is developed according to his birth,family and the religious training he received,his roles in the Bomi war in1911 and Chamdo war in 1917.In this chapter,I analyze the previous research findings on Nuona and deliver my research targets.The second chapter is related to researches on his Buddhismactivities,which contains following contents: the Buddhism activities of Tibetan Buddhism monks during Qing Dynasty and the China Republic period,Nuona's religious activities before and after the outbreak of Anti-Japanese War(1931),his disaster averting and country protecting rituals during the war period.In the chapter,I also try to discover the communication between Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism and the role Nuona played in it.The third chapter is developed based on the political activities of Nuona,including his political attitude,his collaboration with Kham elites in the Kham Provincial Establishment Movement and “Dabai Incident”,his association with political figures of the China Republic,his deeds after being appointed as the Xikang Pacification Commissioner.This chapter also explores the causes of his ultimate failure.The fourth chapter introduces Nuona's religious heritage maintained by his disciples and the current condition of Nuona's historical remains.This chapter conducts a preliminary analysis of the methodology “Preaching by Lay Buddhist” and introduces his disciple groups.Besides,I observe rituals held nowadays in these historical remains through site visiting and interviews.This chapter also includes a Conclusion.