A Preliminary Study On The Tombs Of The Han Dynasty In Nanjing Area

This paper takes the publicly published Han tombs in Nanjing as the research object.On the basis of research results of previous scholars sorting out the information of the tombs and clarifying the related concepts,combining with historical documents and tomb materials in Yangzhou and Central Plains,analyzes the shape and structure,burial objects,staging,cultural factors,distribution,regional characteristics of Han tombs in Nanjing.According to the different building materials and construction methods,the tombs of Han Dynasty in Nanjing can be divided into five categories:vertical pit and wooden(coffin)tomb,stone coffin tomb,brick-stone composite tomb,brick-wood composite tomb and brick chamber tomb.In terms of funerary objects,there are more information published in Han tombs in Nanjing area,and the most common are pottery tripod,pot,pottery gourd,glazed pot,pottery basin and pottery stove,and the change of pottery type has the characteristics of the times.Glazed pots in the Western Han Dynasty are all bell mouths.Dish-shaped month began to appear in the early Eastern Han Dynasty,and it was Dish-shaped month in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.In the early and middle Western Han Dynasty,there were three mud nail feet at the bottom of the pottery gourd.The ears were high along or equal to the mouth edge.In the late Western Han Dynasty,the ears were degraded and close to the shoulders of the gourd.Pottery decoration changed from concave strings to convex strings in the late Western Han Dynasty,and glaze color changed from yellow to cyan in the early period.From the evolution law of pottery,we can see that it is consistent with the evolution of tomb form,which provides a basis for the staging of tombs.The Han tombs in Nanjing are divided into four stages according to the change of the tomb form and the combination of objects:the early and middle Western Han Dynasty,the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty,the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty,the sixteen years of Jian'an(211 years)and the twenty-five years of Jian'an(220 years).In the Han Dynasty,the tombs in Nanjing area were in the stage of transformation from wooden to brick tombs,which experienced the transformation process of closed wooden tombs,open wooden tombs,brick(stone)wooden top tombs and brick chamber tombs.Combined with the emergence and disappearance of individual implements,the increase and decrease of number and the change of types,the Han tombs in Nanjing area are divided into seven sections:the early Western Han Dynasty,the middle Western Han Dynasty,the late Western Han Dynasty to Wang Mang period,the early Eastern Han Dynasty,the middle Eastern Han Dynasty,the late Eastern Han Dynasty,the sixteen years of Jian'an(211 years)to the twenty-five years of Jian'an(220 years).The cultural factors of Han tombs in Nanjing include Chu culture,Central Plains culture and Guangling culture.In the Western Han Dynasty,Nanjing preferred to the south,limited by the Central Plains,and deeply influenced by Chu culture.At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty,Chu culture withdrew from the historical stage,and the area was really assimilated by the Central Plains culture,In the Han Dynasty,the south of the Yangtze River in Nanjing was under the jurisdiction of Yangzhou feudal provincial Department,Danyang County(Zhangjun County),Tangyi and Guangling in the north of the Yangtze River were under the jurisdiction of Xuzhou feudal provincial Department.Guangling in the Western Han Dynasty was the feudal territory of the princes.The Moling,HuShu and Danyang in Nanjing were all the princes of Jiangdu Kingdom,which was obviously influenced by the Guangling where the princes were located.The eastern han dynasty abolished the country,Tangyi is under the jurisdiction of Guangling County,and belongs to the Ministry of feudal provincial Department of Xuzhou.Therefore,the Nanjing area north of the Yangtze River is influenced by Guangling culture,which is similar to the Han tomb culture in Yangzhou today.The green glazed pottery popular in the north of the Yangtze River has not been found in the south of the Yangtze River.In addition,the discovery of stone tombs in Qixia Mountain and its vicinity and the characteristics of brick tombs with popular portraits in Gaochun and Lishui should be related to local customs,geographical conditions and population migration.In the Han Dynasty,the city sites of the Han Dynasty and the dense tombs of the Han Dynasty were widely distributed around the administrative construction in Nanjing area.According to the distribution of the tombs of the Han Dynasty in Nanjing area,we can infer the administrative construction system of the Han Dynasty in Nanjing area.