Water Conservancy, Government And Society: A Study On The Officials Of Turpan In The Late Qing Dynasty And The Republic Of China

Karez is a water conservancy project in arid and semi-arid areas,which uses underground channels to bring groundwater to the surface for irrigation and domestic water use.Karez has a long history in Turpan Basin,with a large number and extensive distribution.It is the main water resource in Turpan.The academic community explores various social issues from the perspective of water conservancy.Since the 1990s,the social history of water conservancy has become a hot spot in the academic field.The historical materials used in this paper are the collection of Xinjiang archives in Qing Dynasty,the archives of the Republic of Turfan published by the China Open Archives Sharing Platform,and the two water conservancy reports prepared by Xinjiang Water Conservancy Commission during the Republic of China,This paper discusses the official Karez of Turpan which is repaired and managed by the government in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.This paper sorts out the development of the official Karez of Turpan in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,focusing on the management and use of the official Karez of Turpan.On this basis,it discusses the water conservancy behavior of the Turpan government,and the local social organization and operation.The first chapter discusses the repair and management of the official Karez of Turpan in the late Qing Dynasty.In the sixth year of Guangxu(1880),the official Karez of Turpant appeared.In the six years of Guangxu(1880)to the thirty-three(1907)of Guangxu,the local government of Turpan to repair the official Karez and manage it.During this period,a total of nine official Karez were repaired.After the establishment of the water conservancy company in September of the 31st year of Guangxu(1907),the official Karez was repaired by the water conservancy company,and was managed by the Xinjiang Provincial Government and the local government of Turpan.The second chapter discusses the repair and management of the official Karez of Turpan in the Republic of China.In the early years of the Republic of China,Yang Zengxin faced two major crises:financial difficulties and increased vagrant.In this context,he formulated an economic policy to repair the channel,and the Xinjiang Water Conservancy Commission was responsible for the restoration of water conservancy projects.This policy is to repair channels and officials in Turpan.The Turpan officials of the Republic of China formed a restoration system of "investigation-construction-acceptance".In the four years of the Republic of China(1915)to the eight years of the Republic of China(1919),Turpan government had repaired nine official Karez.These nine official Karez were repaired with the participation of all sectors of society.but they are mainly presided over by Yang Zengxin,and the official government of Turpan has contributed to repair.The third chapter discusses the use and disputes of the official Karez of Turpan in the Republic of China.It mainly discusses the "old customs"of the renting of the official Karez,the rental method,the maintenance procedures,the maintenance funds,the many disputes arising during the use,and the sales situation.By combing the use of the official Karez of Turpan in the Republic of China,it is further recognized that the official Karez of Turpan in the Republic of China is basically managed by the local government of Turpan,but the Xinjiang provincial government will also handle some important matters of the official Karez.The conclusion was discussed comprehensively on water conservancy,government and society.The official Karez is a kind of Karez that is repaired and managed by the government.The restoration funds are paid or raised by the government.The use rights and ownership of the official Karez are separate,and the official Karez and the private karez can be transformed into each other.This is also the uniqueness of the karez in Turpan.Government behavior plays a crucial role in the development of the official Karez,especially the ability and role of officials.At different stages,the degree of government intervention in the official karez is different,and it is in a state of repeated changes,which is different from the water conservancy projects in other regions.In addition,in the operation of the local society with the official karez as the core,the authorities of the local community of Turpan,such as the Xiangyue,Ahong,and Boke,played a pivotal role.