The Study Of Juanna System And Operation In Kangxi Dynasty

During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty,the dominator inherited the example of entering the Imperial Academy by paying money in the Ming Dynasty.Since the 14th year of Kangxi’s reign（1675）,the Yimao Juanna case took because of the military supplies.The items reported for Juanna were gradually extended to actual officials.Then there were Juanna cases and the Juanna system was gradually established.The Kangxi period was the foundation stage of the formation of the Juanna system in the Qing Dynasty.The Juanna system in the Kangxi period was a sample of Juanna in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.After studying and combing the relevant research results of Juanna in the Qing Dynasty,the research foundation of this paper is more solid.The research on Juanna in the early Qing Dynasty,including the Kangxi Dynasty,is not sufficient,and is mostly scattered in the overall research results of Juanna in the Qing Dynasty.This paper mainly uses historical materials such as the Provision of Six Departments,Code of the Qing Dynasty and archives to enrich the historical details of the Juanna research in the Kangxi period.The construction of Juanna system in Kangxi period mainly includes the qualification,process,items and price,which are the necessary factors of every Juanna case.In the Juanna case,provisions are made on the qualifications of the three main groups reporting Juanna:officials,students and civilians.The relevant officials review the identity qualifications of the participants many times during the process.In order to avoid the negative impact of Juanna,each person will list the specific types of people who can not attend and standardize the Juanna process.There will be some differences between the capital and the locals.The Financial Institution’s Juanna mainly includes five links:submission,inspection,delivery of letter and receip,cash in,and get certificate.The local’s process generally includes the submission,approval,cash in,delivery,and the consulting department’s license renewal.In the Kangxi period,there were many kinds of items,such as origin,false title,real officials,reply,exemption,promotion speed,etc.In order to improve the economic and implementation benefits of Juanna cases,the price will also be adjusted according to time,place and person,although there are some cross references between the prices of different cases.The system construction reflects the clear financial purpose of the rulers and their concerns and restrictions on Juanna.Juanna and Juanshu are two similar political measures to solve financial problems in the early Qing Dynasty.Clarifying their connotation differences will help to better understand Juanna in the Kangxi period.Juanna is an official transaction in which the government sells official qualifications,honor awards and other contents according to the cases issued in advance in order to raise materials needed.Juanshu is a kind of special public welfare behavior in traditional society.After the officials and the people have served independently,the government will give some rewards according to the contribution.There are many differences between them,which should not be confused.Based on the achievements of Daling Xu,Zhiming Wang,Yue Wu and other predecessors,this paper concludes that there are 39 cases in the Kangxi period,including military supplies,disaster relief,storage and river work.The Shandong Juanna Case was implemented from the 43rd year to the 53rd year of Kangxi’s reign（1704-1714）.In combination with other cases implemented before,Emperor Kangxi was also cautious about the establishment of Shandong Juanna Case.However,with investigation of Hongxu Wang,Shude Li and others,Shandong case still has many disadvantages in the implementation process.These are helpful to understand the actual operation and characteristics of Juanna in Kangxi period.The Juanna launched in the Kangxi period objectively eased the financial pressure,and were conducive to the development of disaster relief,storage and affairs.However,these cases were responsible for the tares administration in the Kangxi period.The implementation of Juanna in Kangxi period was closely related to the attitude of the members of the ruling group at that time.Senior officials and some local officials argued endlessly about this.The Qing emperor was also in a dilemma.The analysis of Emperor Kangxi and some officials’evaluation of Juanan will help to deepen the understanding and reflection on the Juanna system in the Qing Dynasty.