| After the World War II,the majority of third world countries started the process of national independence.When Indonesia declare independence in August 1945,with four years of struggle,Indonesia finally established the Federal Republic of Indonesia in 1949.In order to ensure its independence,the Indonesian government implemented a neutral policy under the leadership of President Sukarno.The Eisenhower Administration that came to power in 1953,considering the cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union,intended to make Indonesia,the largest population in Southeast Asia,join the Western camp and always regarded Indonesia as a focus of diplomacy.To this end,Eisenhower Administration provide economic and military assistance to Indonesia from 1953 to 1956 to ensure the non-communist tendency of the Indonesian government.However,with the deepening of domestic contradictions in Indonesia and Sukarno’s increasingly leftist diplomacy,the outbreak of the rebellion in the outer islands between 1956 and 1958,the Eisenhower Administration used Indonesia’s domestic tensions.The situation,hoping to assist the rebels and organize a new Indonesian government to prevent Indonesia from moving closer to communism,but the rebels that the United States had high hopes were quickly defeated in the Indonesian government’s counter-insurgency operations,and the Indonesian Communist Party continued to strengthen grow.The Eisenhower Administration’s policy towards Indonesia has been thwarted.After that,the United States will pin its hopes on the continuous strengthening of the Indonesian army after the counterinsurgency operation and maintain the Indonesian army’s anti-communist tendency to curb the Indonesian Communist Party.To this end,the United States provided considerable military assistance to Indonesia after 1958.The focus of this article is around the changes in the aid policy of Eisenhower Administration to Indonesia before and after the Outer Island Rebellion,so as to analyze the factors that affect the aid policy of Eisenhower Administration to Indonesia,and based on this,to understand the US foreign policy to Indonesia.On conclusion,this paper is mainly divided into the following five parts.The first part mainly describes the assistance policies of the Truman and Eisenhower Administrations to Indonesia during the first term of the Outer Island Rebellion.This part is mainly used as a background.During this period,the US government mainly provided economic assistance,supplemented by small-scale military aid to win over Indonesia to join the Western camp.The second part mainly examines the initial response of the Eisenhower Administration to the rebellion on the outlying islands of Indonesia.President Eisenhower himself maintained a cautious attitude,but was divided into two groups within the decision makers.Secretary of State John Dulles and CIA director Allen Dulles want to aid the rebels,while professional diplomats such as the US ambassador to Indonesia John Allison and the director of the US Department of State Southwest Pacific affairs office John Main wants to maintain friendly relations with Indonesia central government.After a series of policy debates,Eisenhower finally agreed with the Dulles brothers,and the US government officially established a policy to assist the rebels.The third part mainly writes that the Eisenhower Administration has been indifferent to the military assistance request made by the Indonesian government,and at the same time secretly provided military assistance to the insurgents on the outer island.In February 1958,the rebels set up another government on the outer islands.The Indonesian army took counter-insurgency operations.The Eisenhower Administration intended to use the chaotic situation in Indonesia to send troops to Indonesia.Eventually,the Indonesian military stopped the decisive action against the rebels.The US government continued to assist the rebels secretly and provide air cover for them.The fourth part examines the entire process of the establishment of a support policy for the Indonesian army after the Outer Islands Rebellion.With the rebels losing ground,the Eisenhower Administration began to adjust its policy towards Indonesia,giving up aid to the rebels.The anti-communist factions within the Indonesian government also have a willingness to improve relations with the United States,taking over the olive branch handed over by the US government.As the most powerful non-communist force in Indonesia,the Indonesian army has become the object of the Eisenhower Administration ’s support.The Eisenhower Administration finally formally established the policy of supporting the Indonesian army in the NSC5901 document in early 1959.The fifth part studies the factors that affect the aid policy of the Eisenhower Administration to Indonesia.The author believes that the Eisenhower Administration is primarily based on its overall understanding of the interests of the United States.The biggest benefit of the United States lies in the victory of the cold war.It is extremely important for this populous country and maritime transportation hub to join the Western camp.Secondly,Eisenhower Administration in consideration of the assistance of the socialist country to Indonesia,hopes to increase Indonesia’s sense of dependence on the United States through aid.Thirdly,Indonesia’s requirements also determine the way the United States formulates policies.In the end,the Eisenhower administration considered Indonesian nationalism.Under the conditions that nationalism was considered acceptable,the Eisenhower Administration would tolerate and even support Indonesian nationalism.However,once nationalism affects the interests of the United States,Eisenhower Administration took tough measures to curb nationalism. |
