| The interpretation of Marx’s alienation criticism theory is mostly based on the research of Marx’s early text,especially the theory of alienation labor criticism formed by Marx’s manuscript in 1844.However,there are relatively few studies on the evolution of Marx’s alienation criticism and its complete and historical interpretation of the phenomenon of capitalist alienation.Although Marx did use the concept of alienation in his early texts,that is,in the period of being influenced by Feuerbach’s humanism,and there was a concentrated discussion on the issue of labor alienation.However,through reading other works of Marx,we find that Marx did not give up the use of the concept of alienation,and also continued to elaborate the alienation of capitalism in theory.It is worth noting that the changes experienced by philosophy world outlook and methodology have a very important impact on Marx’s interpretation of capitalist alienation.Moreover,the change is not achieved overnight,but has a practical historical process,which is closely related to the promotion of Marx’s study of political economics.The interpretation of the development of this thought can not only make us see clearly how Marx explained the problem based on different theories,that is,how the specific content of this interpretation has changed;It also helps us deepen our thinking on the complexity and profundity of capital logic,and further deepen the understanding of Marxist historical materialism.In Marx’s early texts,under the influence of the methodology of humanism materialism,Marx’s interpretation logic of labor alienation is a value suspension based on humanism,thus forming a contradiction between the essence of ideality and the existence of reality.Although Marx has a great concern for the reality to some extent,it is not able to play its leading role at this time because of the influence of humanism logic.Since the leading logic of criticism has not changed,all Marx can do is to use this logic to launch a more comprehensive criticism of the capitalist reality,and extend the critical logic of alienated labor to the criticism of exchange and subjective idealism,which makes it spread to more alienation phenomena of capitalism.However,with the development of Marx’s research on political economics,when he criticizes the theory of economists,he can feel the weakening of the criticism of alienation labor logic.In other words,although the criticism of labor alienation based on humanism can identify the alienation phenomenon in the real capitalist society,it is powerless to explain the social and historical origin of the alienation.The key to break through the limitation of this theory lies in the innovation of philosophy world view and methodology.Marx realized the clear-up of the existing theories by writing the Theses on Feuerbach in the spring of 1845 and The German Ideology written jointly with Engels in November of the same year,and on this basis,he established historical materialism.From the perspective of historical materialism,the internal contradiction movement between productivity and production relationship based on the development of social history has become a new theoretical logic for Marx to interpret the problem of alienation.The criticism of alienated labor has no longer played a role as the leading logic,but a description of the inhumanity of capitalist society.However,it is important to note that although the criticism of alienated labor has been disintegrated at this time,Marx’s political and economic research progress lags behind the update of his philosophy world view and methodology,which makes him unable to completely get rid of some characteristics of humanistic interpretation mode,that is,the concern about the life activities of the people as the main body of communication.And on this basis,we can realize the criticism of the capitalist system.That is,whether from the perspective of division of labor or from the perspective of contradiction between productivity and communication form,it can not really reveal the social and historical root causes of alienation.Through the poverty of philosophy,in order to criticize Proudhon thoroughly,Marx further explores the social relations based on historical materialism,that is,from the perspective of contradiction between productivity,distribution and class confrontation,the problem of alienation is analyzed.Although Marx did not continue to push forward to the field of production process,criticism itself is no longer outside the historical reality.With the advancement of historical materialism in the study of political economics,Marx has made a deeper analysis and carried out more abundant contents in the Capital and its manuscripts,whether it is the problem of alienated labor or other capitalist alienation.That is,it is not based on the simple material level of criticism,nor the general criticism of social relations,but the theoretical analysis based on the elaboration of the internal contradiction movement between capitalist productivity and production relations.Marx reveals that the reason for the alienation of capitalist society is not in the circulation domain,but from the production process and reproduction process of capitalism,and the capitalist production relationship which was born and strengthened constantly from this process,so it is the problem of capitalist system.It can be said that in the process of production of special capitalism,it is the workers themselves who have created the capital which is opposite to themselves and different from themselves.Because of the complete separation of workers’ labor ability and labor objects,the labor products,labor processes and other aspects of the alien forces of workers are actually the inevitable result of the capitalist production process.And the laborer itself must be produced and reproduction as the employment labor.On the basis of this discussion,the related ideas about alienation criticism can be transformed and reinterpreted on the new theoretical level: the alienation of labor products is transformed from an empirical fact to a result or consequence of capitalist production process based on the exploitation of surplus value.The alienation of labor process also changes into the external expression of the internal contradiction in the capitalist production process on the prospect of labor.The alienation of human essence is the fetishism characteristic of capitalist production relationship in which the real human beings are in.The alienation between human beings is transformed into the opposite relationship between labor and capital.Only here can the alienation in capitalist society be explained in its full sense. |
