Research On The Emerging Imperative Particles In Modern Chinese

Modern Chinese imperative sentences can add corresponding modal particles to express different types of imperative moods such as suggestion,urge and dissuasion according to communicative needs.Corresponding to traditional imperative particles such as "ba","ah" and "le",which express different types of imperative mood like "hao le"(ok)"suan le"(forget it)"jiu shi le"(yes it is),can be called emerging imperative particles.Emerging imperative particles are modal particles produced in Ming and Qing Dynasties and later with the method of imperative use.There are 13 commonly used ones in Mandarin,such as "de le(come on)","jiu de le(come on)","jiu shi le(yes it is)","jiu shi(yes it is)","jiu xing le(that's it)","xing le(all right)","hao le(ok)","suan le(forget it)","hao bu hao(good or not)","xing bu xing(yes or no)","shi shi(have a try)","ha" and "qu".Among them,"jiu X le(X le)" usually expresses order,suggestion and dissuade,"X bu X" generally expresses order,request and dissuade,"ha" mostly expresses suggestion,exhortation and prohibition,and "qu" mostly expresses order and urge.On the whole,emerging imperative particles are derived from the content word or the content structure,and most of them also have the content word usage,thus showing multifunctionality.The rationality of the coexistence of the emerging and the traditional imperative particle lies in the difference between them.First of all,from the phenomenon of conjunction,the traditional monosyllabic can be used,the emerging monosyllabic can be used,but the disyllabic can not be used,the emerging ones can be followed by the traditional ones,but the traditional ones can not be followed by the emerging ones.Secondly,in terms of expressive function,traditional imperative particles can only express urge,suggestion,request,etc.,while emerging imperative particles can also express different subjective attitudes of speakers.Finally,from the perspective of grammaticalization,both traditional and emerging imperative particle particles have undergone grammaticalization,but the traditional category has only function words,which has been fully grammaticalized and has a high degree of grammaticalization.The emerging imperative particles are in the stage of insufficient grammaticalization,and the degree of grammaticalization is relatively low.