Semi-Quantum Key Distribution Protocols Based On Entanglement States

As a fundamental research direction of quantum cryptography,quantum key distribution aims to achieve secure key sharing among legal communicators.Quantum key distribution protocols usually require all communicators to own complete quantum capabilities and most of the quantum devices involved in the protocols are expensive.Boyer et al.proposed the first semi-quantum key distribution protocol between quantum party and classical party.To prevent the attacker Eve from impersonating either legal participant Alice or Bob,it is crucial to identify the participants’ identities.Based on entanglement states including the four-particle cluster state and the GHZ-like state,a semi-quantum identification protocol and two semi-quantum key distribution protocols were designed in this dissertation.The main research results are as follows.A semi-quantum identification protocol based on the four-particle cluster state was designed to realize the identification between classical parties Alice and Bob.The third-party Trent in the proposed protocol is supposed to be semi-honest."Semi-honest" means that the third-party Trent must execute the protocol loyally,while he may have access to the participants’ secret information by recording the data of participants during the signal transmissions.Trent is responsible for particle generation and distribution,while Alice and Bob take charge of measuring and encoding particle sequences.The proposed semi-quantum identification protocol could counteract the impersonation attack,the intercept-resend attack,the entanglement attack,and the third-party’s attack.A nonequivalent two-party semi-quantum key distribution protocol based on the GHZ-like state was proposed and then extended to a multi-party SQKD protocol."Nonequivalence" means that the communicators choose their operations randomly and independently with their counterparts’ choices.To enhance the efficiencies of the proposed protocol and the extended protocol,different parameters are exploited to control the ratios of INFO bits,TEST and CTRL bits in the total number of qubits.INFO bits,TEST and CTRL bits are utilized to generate the final sifted key and detect eavesdropping,respectively.Due to the higher percentage of INFO bits generated,the fraction of discarded data is greatly reduced,which significantly increases the efficiencies of the proposed protocols.It is shown that the proposed semi-quantum key distribution protocol can counteract common attacks,such as the intercept-resend attack and the measure-resend attack,etc.A mediated semi-quantum key distribution protocol with the four-particle cluster state as the information carrier was proposed.The proposed mediated semi-quantum key distribution protocol allows classical participants Alice and Bob to securely share a key with the help of a dishonest third-party Trent.Furthermore,the proposed protocol is shown to be secure against common attacks.Unlike the existing semi-quantum key distribution protocols,the classical participants in the proposed protocol are not necessary to equip with the expensive detectors to resist the Trojan horse attack.The proposed protocol is more practical,which can be employed in the unmanned aerial vehicle Ad-Hoc network.The ground control station corresponds to the quantum party with full quantum capability,while the unmanned aerial vehicle corresponds to the classical party with limited quantum capability.