Typological Mapping Study Of Courtyard Construction-culture System In Chinese Dwelling Buildings

Chinese traditional dwellings are material carriers that adapt to natural environmental conditions,meet the needs of social life,conform to traditional ideas,conform to local living customs and reflect local national culture.Among them,courtyard house has become the mainstream form with the most extensive distribution and the longest history in Chinese traditional dwellings because it conforms to the ritual order and flexibly adapts to the environment.At the beginning of its birth,the courtyard,as an architectural space form to resist adverse natural conditions,was widely adopted by traditional dwellings all over China.With the development of the times,as a physical space for regulating the microclimate and providing outdoor activity sites in Chinese traditional dwellings,the courtyard is also a spiritual space for carrying the Chinese traditional "centripetal living" life concept and house culture.It is one of the core material elements that can best reflect the thousands of years of construction experience and cultural connotation of Chinese traditional dwellings.This paper attempts to study the courtyard in Chinese traditional dwellings from the perspective of holistic cultural system.Firstly,it traces the historical development of Chinese traditional courtyard houses,introduces the basic form and spatial form of courtyard houses in different periods,and analyzes the main constituent elements of courtyard houses.Then,based on the concept of building cultural system,this paper interprets the dynamic system composed of multiple interrelated and interactive structures,such as climate geography,building configuration,social life,artistic aesthetics,environmental organization and so on.Then,through a large number of field investigation and literature research,collect the information data related to the five aspects contained in the construction culture system of the hospital,and construct the sample database of the construction culture system of the hospital.According to the 402 collected survey samples of courtyard houses,using the computer big data cluster analysis method,this paper summarizes the types of courtyard in Chinese traditional dwellings under the two cluster orientations of spatial structure and use function,shows the distribution of different types of courtyard,introduces the construction cultural characteristics of different types of courtyard with typical cases,and draws the atlas of courtyard types under different cluster orientations,Analyze the distribution law of different types of courtyard.On this basis,the characteristic labels of the comprehensive courtyard construction culture system are integrated,and five comprehensive types of Chinese courtyard dwellings are obtained through cluster analysis.The distribution and differential characteristics of each comprehensive type are introduced,the common characteristics of the five comprehensive types are summarized,and the comprehensive type map based on the comprehensive courtyard construction culture system is drawn.Finally,this paper summarizes the type characteristics of the cultural system of courtyard construction in Chinese traditional dwellings,and comes to the conclusion that courtyard houses are the product of the dominant influence of the Confucian concept of "ritual system" in Chinese culture and the integration with the regional minority culture.The main courtyard is located in the center or slightly back in the middle of the central axis of the plane layout,which is embodied in the orderly front hall and back bedroom.From north to south,the scale of the courtyard shows a trend from sparse and open to compact and compact.The area is reduced,the ratio of bay to depth is increased,and the ratio of height to width is increased.From north to south and from west to east,the openness of enclosure interface shows a trend from closed to open.The area of gray space in the transition between indoor and outdoor such as porch and corridor increases,even including the whole hall space.The north courtyard takes daylighting,heating and ventilation as the main environmental regulation functions,while the south courtyard takes shading,ventilation and moisture-proof as the main environmental regulation functions.In addition,family members carry out social activities around the courtyard every day.The courtyard can share some functions of the hall.Cultural and recreational activities,appreciation activities and etiquette activities are often carried out in the courtyard,which confirms the important position of the courtyard as the core space carrying the family house culture.In addition,the courtyard also embodies the symbiotic concept of advocating the harmonious coexistence between man and nature and the "unity of heaven and man" in Chinese traditional culture.Based on the comprehensive research vision of the systematic view of construction culture and the technical path of computer big data cluster analysis,this paper opens up new ideas for the research of Chinese traditional dwellings.