Study On Pottery Making Technology Of Shuanghuaishu Site In Gongyi

Shuanghuaishu site is located at the intersection of the Yellow River and iluo river.With an area of more than 1.17 million square meters,the site is a large-scale trench settlement in the middle and late Yangshao culture.Based on the typological study of the pottery remains of Shuanghuaishu site,the pottery making techniques of the site were studied in five stages: the middle and late Yangshao,the early Yangshao,the middle Yangshao,the late Yangshao and the early Longshan.Based on the observation of the phenomena related to the making trace left by the pottery,and by using the boiling method,EDXRF,petrographic analysis and FTIR and other scientific and technological detection methods,this paper systematically studies the pottery making process in each stage from the following six aspects: raw material,molding,trimming,decoration,firing,and pottery use trace,and summarizes the pottery making process in each stage The characteristics of pottery making technology in each stage.On this basis,this paper discusses the diachronic changes of pottery making technology from the late Yangshao period to the early Longshan period in Shuanghuaishu site,and makes a preliminary analysis of the pottery production mode.Based on the existing research results,the characteristics of pottery making technology in the late Neolithic period in Zhengzhou area are summarized and compared with that in the surrounding areas.The main conclusions are as follows:1.Ceramic materials:(1)Different ceramics have different water absorption.The water absorption rate of argillaceous white pottery decreased gradually with the passage of time,and the water absorption rate of other texture pottery chips was not different from that of the site.Polishing does not affect the water absorption of pottery.The factors that affect the water absorption of pottery chips are sintering temperature,carburizing technology,and molding and finishing technology.(2)The raw materials of ceramic clay can be divided into three categories: common fusible clay,high calcium clay and high aluminum clay.The clay materials in the five stages of the site are mainly common fusible type,and the clay composition is basically the same,all of which are produced locally;the Ca O content of high calcium type ceramic chips is high,and they are still common fusible type;the high aluminum type clay is used to make white pottery.The composition of white,brown and black particles is basically the same in different stages;white particles are mainly quartz minerals,with a small amount of feldspar,chert and chalcedony;brown particles are mainly ferriferous mudstones;black particles are mainly ferritic rocks and ferritic mudstones,and the proportion of feldspar debris in the late Yangshao and early Longshan gray particles is slightly higher than that in the first three stages of the site.(3)The periodic changes of the mixing materials of the sand-containing pottery are reflected in two aspects: the size of sand gravel and the type of sand gravel.With the passage of the times,the coarse sand pottery decreased gradually,and the proportion of medium and fine sand pottery increased gradually.In terms of the types of sand gravel,the mixing materials of the five stages are mainly dark gray,brown and black particles.With the evolution of the times,this kind of ceramic chips has a gradual decrease trend.In the late Yangshao period,the number of white grains in the old materials increased obviously,which is different from the rare phenomenon in the first three stages of the site.The proportion of these ceramics in the early Longshan period increased further.The composition of white,brown and black particles is basically the same in different stages.The proportion of feldspar debris in the late Yangshao and early Longshan gray particles is slightly higher than that in the first three stages of the site.2.In the late Yangshao period,the wheel forming technology began to appear.In the early Longshan period,the number of tools for wheel forming increased,but the number is still small.3.Beating,rolling,scraping,wet hand troweling and slow wheel dressing are all commonly used ways to trim pottery.Slow wheel dressing technology is more commonly used in the late stage of Yangshao than in the middle and late stage of Yangshao.Fast wheel and slow wheel dressing technology began to appear in the late stage of Yangshao,and further developed in the early stage of Longshan,but still less used.4.In terms of decoration technology,Yangshao period mainly changed the color and polished the surface,followed by various decorative patterns;in the early Longshan period,it was the later,followed by the former.The changes of decoration technology in the middle and late Yangshao,early and middle Yangshao mainly reflected the decrease of online pattern and white pottery.The pattern of color pottery gradually tended to simplify from red tape,and the white pottery became less and less.In the late Yangshao period,the painted pottery gradually degenerated,and the rope pattern became the main pattern from this stage.Compared with Yangshao period,the proportion of basket pattern in the early stage of Longshan increased significantly,ranking the second.5.The progress of ceramic firing technology is mainly reflected in the change of firing atmosphere.From red pottery fired in oxidation atmosphere in the late Yangshao period to grey pottery fired in reduction atmosphere in the early Longshan period.6.Through observation,there are scale,pigment,yellow mud,drilling,secondary reform,secondary utilization and so on.Different traces indicate different uses of pottery.7.The relics with Dawenkou Culture and Qujialing culture style are produced locally.Therefore,the cultural exchange between Shuanghuaishu site and its surrounding areas is mainly technology communication rather than product circulation.8.The pottery kilns found in the site are all small scattered ones,and a small number of pottery making tools have been found.There is no corresponding relationship between the type of pottery with sand and the materials,and the pottery is mainly made of hand-made mud strips with low production efficiency.Therefore,it is concluded that the pottery production of Shuanghuaishu site should be scattered and small-scale home-made pottery.