| The Russian society was in turmoil in the 19 th century.The Patriotic War and the Decemberist uprising in the early 19 th century promoted the awakening of the spirit of the Russian noble intellectuals and the development of democratic thought in Russia.The serfdom reform in the middle of the century intensified social conflicts and the resistance of civilian intellectuals became more and more high.In the second half of the Russian intelligentsia,a series of populist movements were the most fierce resistance to the old social system,but they eventually failed because of their utopian nature.The special sense of mission of Russian writers makes them unable to avoid practical problems to create,so the 19 th century Russian literature shows the characteristics closely related to the people’s movement.Ivan Turgenev’s works lasted from the 1940 s to the 1980 s,witnessing the prosperity and gloom of the Golden Age of Russian literature.Ivan Turgenev lived in Western Europe for many years,and he could only keep in touch with Russia through letters,which became part of his legacy,letters are the carrier of his literary criticism and political views.It is because of this geographical distance that Ivan Turgenev’s observations of his country are made from the perspective of a bystander,and he believed that a proper distance would make his observations of Russia clearer.Therefore,Ivan Turgenev’s letters are an effective way to trace back to the Russian literature of the 19 th century.Based on Ivan Turgenev’s letters,this thesis reexamines the trend of thought in Russian literature in the 19 th century and focuses on the influence of the trend of thought on Ivan Turgenev’s literary creation,the main body is divided into three chapters.The first chapter focuses on the development of the Russian literary realism in the first half of the 19 th century.It first examines the reasons for the development of the Russian literary realism,then the debate between the revolutionary Democrats and the aesthetes was discussed.The conclusion is that the turn in Russian literature is a conscious choice of the writers,and the argument between the Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Druzhinin about “Beauty” and “Teaching” is essentially a misunderstanding of Vissarion Belinsky’s poetics,Ivan Turgenev,on the other hand,shares Belinsky’s views.The second chapter focuses on the nihilism.Debate how the nihilism is presented in Russian literature and what its influence on Ivan Turgenev.Ivan Turgenev created the image of the nihilist Bazarov,whose characteristics of “Negation” and“Revolution” are the true portrayal of the youth at that time,but the nihilist and the“New man” can not be equated,the former is only a transitional image.The argument about Father and Son in Russian literary circles is the focus of this chapter,which shows the differences between aristocratic intellectuals and common intellectuals,also shows that the Russian People’s liberation movement is entering a new stage,the civilian intellectuals have become the main force of the Russian Revolution.The third chapter focuses on the trend of populism,after the conceptual interpretation of populism and populism literature,taking Ivan Turgenev’s novels Smoke,Virgin Soil and the prose poem Threshold as research objects,this paper analyzes how populism is presented in Ivan Turgenev novels,and how the author feels about populism.Ivan Turgenev faithfully reflected in his work the changes of thought in Russian society.He take the initiative to understand populism but did not agree with it,not only because of the author’s liberal stance,but also because of the writer’s concern for the People’s problems.In the last part,the author sums up the whole text,taking the trend of thought of Russian literature in the 19 th century as a whole,it is not difficult to find that the change of the trend of thought of Russian literature and the disputes among writers are closely related to the people,their thinking is based on concern for the people and the People’s liberation movement. |
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