The Presentation And Evolution Of Physical Education Concepts In The School Physical Education System In The Late Qing Dynasty And The Early Republic Of China

The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were important historical periods for the development of school education in China.The school physical education system experienced a process of birth,development,and transformation.The carrier of school physical education curriculum also changed from "gymnastics" to "physical education".The "New Deal" period of the late Qing Dynasty from 1901 to 1911 was the establishment period of new education.During this period,the Qing government established the school system based on Japan and in combination with previous local educational practices.As a department with management responsibilities,the State and civil society organizations have been initially established to participate as actors.This study takes the presentation and evolution of sports concepts in the school sports system at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China as the research object.Using literature review,historical analysis,and case study methods,this study explores how countries,civil organizations,and individuals at different stages have an impact on the formation of sports concepts.Taking the relevant historical archives of the Republic of China period as a guarantee,the construction process of the three modern school systems is taken as a research case.The research results are as follows:First,in the embryonic stage of the development of school sports,gymnastics relies on military schools and the training of the new army,with a strong military significance.The understanding of gymnastics by the bureaucratic class only stays at the "instrumental level" of physical training.Secondly,during the establishment period of the school physical education system,the Japanese school physical education system was transplanted into the "Ren Yin Gui Mao School System".The school physical education curriculum mainly focused on military gymnastics,and government bureaucrats played a leading role in this process.They infiltrated the educational concept of "strong country and strong species" into school physical education,aiming to cultivate the national patriotism and cohesion through gymnastics education.Third,during the development period of the school physical education system,the physical education curriculum in the secondary schools of the "Ren Zi Gui Chou School System" still focuses on military gymnastics,and the concept of military and national physical education has been further strengthened.During the implementation of the physical education curriculum,problems such as inflexibility,mechanization,and boredom have been exposed.Civil organizations led by Xu Yibing,Xu Fulin,and Mike Le have openly questioned military and national physical education and attempted to promote the reform and transformation of school physical education,which has had a certain impact on military and national physical education.Fourth,during the transition period of the school physical education system,the purpose of military and national education withdrew from the school stage after the end of the First World War.The "Renxu School System" was guided by the pragmatic educational ideology of the United States,and the "Physical Education" replaced the "Gymnastics",establishing a modern school physical education curriculum system.At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,China’s school physical education system underwent four stages: the germination period,the establishment period,the development period,and the transformation period.The carrier of school physical education curriculum changed from "gymnastics" to "sports",and the concept of physical education also changed from the military and national sports ideology of a strong country at the beginning to the practical sports ideology.Non governmental organizations play a crucial role in the transformation of the school sports system.Non governmental organizations such as the YMCA and the New Culture personage actively promote the idea of "new sports".The National Education Federation promotes and participates in the government’s reform of the school sports system,ultimately promoting the transformation of school sports in the new school system.The change of school physical education system is a complex and changeable process,which is both the product of a combination of top-down mandatory changes and bottom-up induced changes,as well as a gradual process influenced by domestic and foreign environmental factors.The impact of the change in physical education concepts on the system is subtle,and ultimately the resultant force of society forces the government to accept the new education system.