Mountain Forest Management And Family Construction Of The Huang Family In Yining Prefecture In The Qing Dynasty

The Huang family in Yining Prefecture,Jiangxi Province,discussed in this article in the Qing Dynasty,were a group of mountain immigrants who worked and lived in the hinterland of northwest Jiangxi Province.They moved to Ningzhou(renamed Yining Prefecture in the sixth year of Jiaqing)along with the migration tide in the middle of Kangxi period,and purchased land,finished grain,and settled in Ningzhou.Unlike ordinary immigrants,the Huang clan in Yining Prefecture are not completely forced to migrate,but rather a group of economic migrants with capital,skills,and a clear purpose.Their ancestors migrated from the mountains of Tingzhou,Fujian to Longquan County(Suichuan County),Ji’an Prefecture,Jiangxi,and then settled in Ningzhou,where they took root.This paper takes the "Huang Dunhoutang Document",a homecoming document of the Huang clan of the Huang clan in Yining Prefecture,as the core historical material to explore the real survival and development of the Huang clan in Yining Prefecture in the place of migration.After settling in Ningzhou,the Huang family began mountain and forest business activities.In the eighteenth year of Qianlong,Huang Yongzheng first raised funds for mountain and forest management through loans,and then leased mountain farms from local mountain owners,officially opening the road of mountain and forest management.By the end of Daoguang,Huang Kaijun,the grandson of Huang Yongzheng,became the central figure,leading the mountain and forest management activities from the end of Daoguang to the Tongzhi period,and the mountain and forest management methods adopted by him also changed with the times.At the same time,with the development of commodity economy,the traditional mountain and forest management activities of Huang in Yining Prefecture have been further developed,and other business activities have gradually been carried out,and there is a trend of commercialization.Correspondingly,more contradictions and disputes have emerged in its business activities.Through carrying out various mountain and forest business activities,the Huang family of Yining Prefecture finally succeeded in making a fortune and accumulated a certain family wealth.In order to better integrate into the local area and enhance social status,the Yining Prefecture Huang clan also carried out family building by setting up public property and worship property,participating in the construction of Yining Prefecture class hall,and formulating ancestral covenants.This group of mountain people who migrated from Longquan County in Ji’an Province successfully transformed into immigrant families with considerable economic strength.This development process of the Huang clan in Yining Prefecture clearly shows the history of the survival,residence and development of immigrants in the Qing Dynasty,reveals a certain social and economic reality,and provides a vivid and vivid case for in-depth understanding of the survival and development of immigrants in northwestern Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty.