| During the period of the First International in the mid-nineteenth century,Bakunin’s view of the state was a great propagator of anarchist ideas and undermined the dictatorship of the proletariat.Bakunin was a representative figure of anarchism,and his criticism on the dictatorship of the proletariat brought serious harm to the international workers’ movement and hindered the healthy development of the proletarian revolutionary cause.Marx and Bakunin maintained a relationship as enemies and friends,arguing fiercely about the nature of the state and its necessity.Marx advocated the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat,while Bakunin advocated the immediate abolition of the state;Marx advocated the abandonment of capitalism,while Bakunin advocated the liquidation of capitalism.The controversy between Marx and Bakunin was not only political but also ideological.Based on the issue of the state,which was the common concern of Marx and Bakunin during the First International,the thesis explores Marx’s critique and transcendence of Bakunin’s view of the state.Specifically,by introducing and sorting out the erroneous ideas of absolute freedom,opposition to authority,immediate abolition of the state and establishment of a free federation in Bakunin’s view of the state,the thesis focuses on Marx’s critique of Bakunin’s view of the state based on the materialistic-historical perspective and re-examines the theoretical and practical significance of Marx’s critique of Bakunin’s view of the state.The first chapter outlines the origin and focus of the controversy between Marx and Bakunin’s view of the state,compares the ideological origins of Bakunin’s view of the state,and explains the background of the theoretical controversy between Marx and Bakunin.The nineteenth century was an era of rapid development of capitalism and intensification of class contradictions,and Marx and Bakunin debated on the essence of the state and capitalism.The second chapter introduces the ideological basis and main contents of Bakunin’s view of the state,pointing out that Bakunin had been influenced by the ideas of the young Hegelians in his early years,and as a bourgeois revolutionary democrat,he gradually developed the ideas of radical democracy.After the European revolution in1848,Bakunin gradually turned to anarchism and formed an anarchist view of the state,preaching absolute freedom and equality of all classes,advocating the immediate abolition of the state,opposing the dictatorship of the proletariat,opposing any authority,and advocating the ideas of establishing a bottom-up liberal federation.The third chapter focuses on Marx’s critique of Bakunin’s view of the state based on the materialist view of history.For Marx,freedom is relative and conditional,authority is essential,and authority will die with the state.The origin,creation and development of the state,as well as its demise,are inseparable from the development of society.The smashing of the bourgeois state apparatus and the establishment of a proletarian-led state is an essential intermediate step towards the liberation of the proletariat.Bakunin believed that the state was the root of all evil.He viewed the state in an unhistorical light and fell into a misconception of sensual intuition and subjectivism about the nature of the state.The fourth chapter explores Marx’s use of the materialist-historical approach to expose the false essence of Bakunin’s view of the state.Marx criticises Bakunin for reversing the relationship between the state and religion and class,pointing out that Bakunin advocated violence and regarded violent nature as the only characteristic of the state.In the course of his critique of the false essence of Bakunin’s view of the state,Marx emphasised the importance of conducting political struggle and proletarian revolution.Pointing out the historical idealist worldview basis of Bakunin’s view of the state,he gained insight into the bourgeois connotations of Bakunin’s view of the state.Bakunin was ostensibly opposed to any state,but was in essence opposed to the dictatorship of the proletariat.The fifth chapter summarizes the theoretical and practical significance of Marx’s critique of Bakunin’s view of the state.Based on history and reality,through Marx’s critique of Bakunin’s view of the state,examines the historical necessity of the state,correctly deals with the discursive relationship between the state and the individual,and resolutely defends the leadership of the proletarian party in the context of the larger historical view and the view of human history. |
