| In China,violence that often occurs among junior high school students is a hot issue of common concern in the whole society,and the academic circle is also exploring prevention and intervention measures actively.However,normal humans have an innate violence behavior inhibition mechanism,one of the important factors of this mechanism is a negative emotion called harm aversion.Harm aversion is a kind of moral emotion that is unwilling to hurt others.According to the dual-frame model that commonly used in moral research,foreign researchers believe that this negative emotion stem from action aversion and outcome aversion of hurting others.Meanwhile,the increase of violent harm aversion will reduce the tendency of aggression,that is to say,in the process of human’s violent behavior,harm aversion is an important influencing factor.Therefore,harm aversion has important research value in the study of violence.Effective and reliable measurement tools are essential and the basis for further research in any study of personality traits.Therefore,this study attempts to take junior high school students as the research object,focusing on violent action aversion and violent outcome aversion,and then developing the “Violent harm aversion questionnaire for junior high school students” which can not only conform to the junior high school students’ life experience and cognitive but also can conform to psychometrics requirements of reliability and validity.This questionnaire will provide a practical and effective measurement tool for the assessment of junior high school students’ violent harm aversion,as well as the follow-up research of violent harm aversion in the field of violence,aggression and morality.Based on relevant literature on harm aversion,this study preliminarily constructs the twofactor structures of violent harm aversion,and conducted in-depth interviews with 14 junior high school students and 2 middle school teachers in order to collect information of the existing violent behaviors and the cognition of violent harm among junior high school students.On this basis,the project database was established.Then experts were invited to revise and screen for eight rounds,and the initial questionnaire composed of 26 items of junior high school students’ violent harm aversion was finally determined.Subsequently,a total of 693 junior high school students were tested,with 678 effective subjects(373 males and 304 females,with an average age of 12.6).According to the results of project analysis and exploratory factor analysis,the questionnaire items were further modified and deleted to form the formal "Junior high school students’ Violence Harm Aversion Questionnaire".Then another group of 820 junior high school students were tested to check the internal consistency reliability and structural validity of the questionnaire(380 males and 440 females,with an average age of 14.7).To verify the validity of the questionnaire,the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire,the Prosocial Tendencies Measure,the Violence Behavior Questionnaire,the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits and the Basic Empathy Scale were used to verify the criterion correlation validity of the violent harm aversion questionnaire.Finally,the moderating effect of violent behavior aversion on the violent outcome aversion and the tendency to aggression is checked to test its ability to predict the tendency to aggression of junior high school students.The finalized formal junior high school students’ violent harm aversion questionnaire consists of 2 dimensions and 20 items,including 10 items of violent behavior aversion and 10 items of violent outcome aversion.The confirmatory factor analysis of the results showed that the twofactor model data of junior high school students’ harm aversion is well fitted(χ2=842.1,df=169,χ2/df=4.98,CFI=0.91,TLI=0.90,RMSEA=0.07,SRMR=0.05),the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the two subscales were 0.924 and 0.942,respectively,and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the total questionnaire was 0.932.The scores of the junior high school students’ harm aversion questionnaire are significantly correlated negatively with the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits,the Violent Behavior Questionnaire and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire(r=-0.20,-0.11,-0.23,p<0.01).The scores of the junior high school students’ harm aversion questionnaire are significantly correlated positively with the Prosocial Tendencies Measure and the Basic Empathy Scale(r=0.19,0.19,p<0.01).The results of moderating effect analysis showed that the violent behavior aversion plays an important role in moderating the relationships of the violent outcome aversion and violent behaviors,and the violent outcome aversion and the aggressive tendency.To sum up,the junior high school students’ violent harm aversion questionnaire in this study adopts a two-factor structure,and all of the items have good distinctions without any cross-loading phenomenon.Meanwhile,the internal consistency reliability,the structural validity and the criterion related validity of the junior high school students’ violent harm aversion questionnaire are all satisfied.The violent harm aversion is significantly correlated with violent behavior and aggressive tendency.Specifically,high level of violent behavior aversion can strengthen the effect of inhibition between violent outcome aversion and aggressive tendency.In conclusion,the internal consistency reliability,construct validity and criterion-related validity of the junior high school students’ violent harm aversion questionnaire developed in this study have reached a satisfactory level.At the same time,the violent outcome aversion has an inhibitory effect on violent behavior and aggression tendency,and the higher the level of violence aversion is,the more obvious the inhibition effect will be.Meanwhile,the violent behavior aversion plays a moderating role between violent outcome aversion and aggression tendency.In sum,the violent harm version questionnaire of junior high school students developed in this study can be used as an effective assessment tool for measuring the aversion to violence and assessing the violent behavior and aggressive tendency of junior high school students. |
PDF Full Text Request