Questionnaire Development And Application Of High School Students’ Pretend Effort

Pretending effort is an individual’s apparent effort to achieve a certain goal,but in reality there is no real effort to achieve it.Pretend effort is very common among senior high school students.Pretend effort may have short-term effects and long-term effects.For example,although short-term pretend effort can bring short-term satisfaction and pleasure to senior high school students,long-term pretend effort may lead to negative effects such as guilt,emptiness,anxiety,depression,learned helplessness,and lack of self-efficacy.What is the reason that motivates students to"pretend to learn"?How do students"pretend to work hard"?The current research on’feigning effort’is still in its infancy and lacks effective tools for conducting quantitative research.In order to explore the degree and current situation of high school students’pretended effort,understand the main characteristics of students’pretended effort,and explore the possible influencing factors that may lead to pretended effort,this study developed a questionnaire to measure the degree of pretended effort of high school students,providing basic support for future research on high school students’pretended effort.This study is divided into two parts.Study 1:To gain a deeper understanding of students’understanding and performance of"feigning effort"through interviews and questionnaire surveys,and to analyze multiple thematic group meetings to establish a database of alternative projects.Finally,an initial questionnaire(24 questions)was established through thematic group discussion and analysis,inviting relevant experts to conduct special evaluations,selecting and modifying questions.A preliminary survey was conducted on 250 students from a high school in Zhumadian.Through project analysis and exploratory factor analysis,a total of five exploratory factor analyses were conducted.Finally,there were 9 remaining questions,one dimensional,and the number of factors was consistent with the prediction.The second test conducted a questionnaire survey on 250 students from a high school in Zhumadian,conducting project analysis and exploratory factor analysis.The data results showed that the overall sample’s KMO coefficient reached 0.89,with a significance level less than0.001.And the results once again indicate that the fake effort questionnaire has a single dimension,totaling 9 items.Finally,only changing the sample population,conducting a third test,and conducting confirmatory factor analysis,structural validity,and other tests on it.A total of 1000 questionnaires were distributed during the formal testing,and 918 questionnaires were effectively collected.The fitting index of the factor structure model of the questionnaire is good,X~2/df=6.98,SRMR=0.04,RMSEA=0.08,CFI=0.96,GFI=0.95,AGFI=0.92,NFI=0.94.The internal consistency reliability of this questionnaire is 0.89.The pretended effort questionnaire also has good criterion related validity,that is,there is a significant negative correlation with the pretended effort questionnaire,the learning engagement questionnaire(r=-0.12,p<0.001),the academic self questionnaire(r=-0.12,p<0.001),and a significant positive correlation with the learning burnout questionnaire(r=0.32,p<0.001)and the defense focus questionnaire(r=0.19,p<0.001).These results indicate that the pretense effort questionnaire has reliability and validity that meet the requirements of psychometrics.Study 2:It mainly analyzes the preliminary application of the pretense effort questionnaire,which includes examining the differences of pretense effort in demography variables such as gender and grade,and using cross-sectional research to explore the relationship mechanism between pretense effort and variables such as rude parenting,learning burnout,and fear of negative evaluation.The regression analysis results indicate that rough parenting positively predicts learning burnout,rough parenting positively predicts negative evaluation fear,learning burnout positively predicts negative evaluation fear,negative evaluation fear positively predicts pretending to work hard,and learning burnout positively predicts pretending to work hard.In conclusion,this study draws the following conclusions:(1)The self-designed feigned effort questionnaire has a reasonable structure and good reliability and validity;(2)Learning burnout plays a mediating role between harsh parenting and feigning effort;Negative evaluation of fear played a mediating role between harsh parenting and feigned effort;Learning burnout and fear of negative evaluation play a chain mediating role between harsh parenting and fake effort.