| Urban parks are not only a public space for citizens to rest,visit and socialize,but also an important part of the urban ecosystem,playing an important role in realizing the concept of "park city" and improving people’s lives.Since the construction,management and maintenance of urban parks require large amounts of capital,it is difficult to meet the growing demand by relying solely on government investment.The Public Private Partnership mode gives full play to the respective strengths of the government and the private sector to provide public goods and services in partnership,reducing financial pressure and improving the efficiency of public resource allocation.Therefore,if the PPP model can be effectively introduced into urban park projects,it can be an effective policy tool to solve this problem.The biggest challenge facing urban park projects under the PPP mechanism is how to improve the investment attractiveness of the projects to private.Ecological value transformation is the core mechanism of green development,and urban park projects have significant carbon sink benefits,which can provide additional financial support for project investment by market-based means if the carbon trading mechanism can be fully utilized.At present,there are few theoretical and methodological research results on how to reasonably measure the carbon sink value of urban parks,and almost none of them consider the whole life cycle of PPP projects(i.e.,the whole concession period,including construction,operation and transfer)for carbon sink value measurement.In addition,with the involvement of private sector,urban park projects under PPP mode should have broader and multiple value considerations.If only public interest is pursued,the project will lack sustainable vitality,so a reasonable compensation mechanism should be designed to make up for the feasibility gap according to the carbon performance of private sector in carbon sink enhancement and low-carbon construction.The feasibility gap should be designed to balance the public interest and capital interest of the project.Based on this,the main research of the paper is as follows.(1)The carbon sink measurement of PPP urban park projects was studied from a whole-life cycle perspective.Firstly,the carbon footprint method was used to measure the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle of the urban park PPP project,then the vegetation data of the project was obtained through field measurements,and then the annual carbon sequestration in the operation phase was evaluated by the i-Tree model.Finally,based on the difference between the annual carbon sequestration and carbon emission of the project and the length of the concession period of the urban park PPP project,the life-cycle carbon sink of the project was derived.(2)The price of carbon trading in PPP urban park projects was studied from the perspective of market supply and demand.Firstly,the carbon trading price influence subsystem is constructed from four aspects:supply,demand,market and international influence,and the causal relationships among the influencing factors in each subsystem are clarified with the existing literature.Then,based on the cause-effect relationships among the influencing factors,a system dynamics model is constructed to influence the carbon trading market price,and the trend of carbon trading market price is obtained through simulation analysis.Finally,the error and sensitivity analysis was conducted between the simulation results and the actual carbon price to verify the validity of the carbon trading market price prediction model.(3)The comprehensive compensation mechanism of "subsidy and concession period" for urban park PPP projects was studied from the perspective of carbon performance.Firstly,based on the measured life-cycle carbon sink value,the urban park PPP project is converted from a government-paid project to a feasibility gap subsidy project.Then,we interpreted the meaning of carbon performance during the construction and operation periods,and analyzed three different types of private sector compensation methods.On the basis of this,a multidimensional game theory is introduced,and a multidimensional game model between the government and private sector is established from two dimensions of subsidy and concession period.Finally,by solving the Nash equilibrium solution of the game model,a comprehensive compensation mechanism of "subsidy and concession period" for urban park PPP projects is designed from the perspective of effectively motivating private sector to improve the carbon performance of the whole project life cycle according to the combination of strategies chosen by both sides of the game. |
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