Study On Architect Community In The Period Of The Republic Of China

This thesis seeks to social changes in modern Chinese background,to Shanghai and Nanjing as the core,mainly of the lower reaches of Yangtze region,to explore the architect of the process of profession groups in the republic of China,and its Chinese architecture at the process of modernization the role of Chinese seek to combine modern architectural history and social groups,the history of research methods,show a group as a profession architect in modern Chinese society in a unique development path and its give the impact of modern society,and borrow this more in-depth understanding of modern Chinese society in transition.The text is divided into six chapters:The first chapter mainly elaborates the basic situation of architect community during the republic of China.Through the study of the background and the three ways of the emergence of the architect community,outlined the formation and development process of he architects as an emerging social group.Then the estimate the architect community's population,analyzes the region distribution characteristic of the architect community and calculates the income of them.Inquired into that architect's social life as well as the endeavor the government made through the architect records and selectively system which tries hard to standard and manages the mass sports activities of the architects.The second chapter mainly analyzes the industry groups any activities of the architect community during the republic of China.As the growing number of groups of architect and professional awareness of the increasing germination,the architect community's specialized organization "the Chinese Architect Academic society" and "the Shanghai Construction Association" has been established and development."Allied Architects" and "Kwan,Chu and Yang Architects" that the representatives of the firm which organized independently for representative's Chinese architect start working.Started Initial attempts to carry on Chinese to own constructors creation.The establishment of special scholarly research organization-Society for Research in Chinese Architecture begins the study of ancient Chinese architecture and systematic research of the Chinese architectural history.The third chapter mainly carries on the analysis to the republic of China architect community's Practitioners condition.Inspects the activity of architect community during the Republic of China,it should be take into consideration of time and space factors.First study the time dimension,the Chinese modern times construction profession operation presents the obvious gradualness.Take 1928 and in 1937 as the important turning point,separable became three stages.Next,inspects from the spatial dimension.In Shanghai,Tianjin,Wuhan and Nanjing and so on the emerging modern city,the Chinese modern times construction profession experiences the seed,development,the high tide, Recession several times.In each urban more independent rise and fall process through the Administration Center in the space on the transfer-capital moves to south and inland,each urban modern times construction profession's development displayed some kind of regularity.The first phase,when the capital at Beijing,North China,Northeast China in the development of its city's flourishing period.The second phase,when the capital in Nanjing,East China,Central China,South China city ushered in the peak of their construction.The third stage,after moving the capital Chongqing,southwest's various cities presented the unprecedented construction high tide.Period of the Republic of the architect's works,at a stage in common,it also was marked with a regional brand.The forth chapter mainly discusses the concept of architects during the Republic of China.From the beginning of 20th century to the 20's,the civil engineers or who used to be a civil engineer specialized background's architect occupies the overwhelming superiority in the Chinese construction domain in quantity.And they set up their own trade organizations-"Chinese Institute of Engineers", whose building concept—"building is science" is based on the feature of the Civil Engineering industry.Publishing of the "new architecture law" which is written by Yingxu Zhang and the "building pattern" which is written by Shangxuan Ge means that the Chinese intellectuals linked architecture with academic.Architecture as a branch of learning has been systematic and modernity which is based on the different rational,empirical,operating at different levels.After 1920's,the architects who has been studied in Europe or the United States as the main body of the first generation of Chinese architects advanced two classical theories-"Architecture is the combination of scientific technology and art" and "Architecture reflects the cultural level of the country and the nation".As the expressing strategy and academically basis for the architects participated in the market competition,the classical theory had a specific connotation in a specific historical period,which played an active role to promote the progress of Chinese architecture.As the opinion strategy and the scientific theory basis for participate in the market competition they play a positive role to promote the Chinese building enterprise's progress.But the social public and the specialists treat the building technology in totally different manner which explained the historical limitation of classical theory.In the period of the republic of China,architect community's educational background and locates the disciple environment has had the very important influence to architect's construction idea.At that time,whether "United States and France" system focus on the arts,or "Japans and Germany" system focus on the technology,their construction education have the obvious eclecticism tendency.The concept of building of Chinese foreign students' who well studied naturally receive the eclecticism influence.Under the pressure of collision of Chinese and Western culture in modern times,deviation occurred on the both way of architect pursues "Revival of Chinese traditional" and "Western new style construction" during the Republic of China time.Such deviations also have emerged the trend of expansion separately under the political factor and the role of commercial factors.The way pursue "Revival of Chinese traditional" Gradually become a kind of official type construction.This kind of type fit for National Government's Nationalist political demands.Its mainstream moves toward the stereotypic "Chinese inherent-like" And the "Western new style construction" Eventually lead to a "new architecture" by the pursuit of replacement for "modern-style" especially for "Art Deco style" pursuit also because of commercial society of self-selection.These profoundly have affected the modernism construction movement in China's development.The fifth chapter mainly discusses the exploration architecture made to the Chinese construction national style during Republic of China.Yanzhi Lv in 1925 and 1926 one after another won the big prize in the Nanjing Zhong shan Cemetery and in Guangzhou Zhong Shan Memorial Hall design proposal competition and can implement is a prelude.Chinese architects,such as Tingbao Yang and Keming Lin,consciously raise a big discussion with practice of "our country inherent architectural style" in the official construction domain.While accepts the West modern architecture technology, building function,it makes every effort to inherit China traditional art,creates the Chinese nationality architectural style work.This Chinese construction national style's exploration upsurge is mainly explores the result from the early attempt which in the Western architect in the church university school building construction domain and the Chinese construction national style.But on a broader line of thought,involves more construction type and more complex.The use of Chinese traditional architecture of the constituent elements of the application forms is also more comfortable and authentic.And it has created one batch of extremely rich creativity outstanding traditional Chinese style construction work.The sixth chapter mainly explains the influence the architect community made to the modern construction education during Republic of China time.After returning to homeland,the architect starts founding building institutions for architecture exploration and practice of education.As teacher of domestic various universities in department of architecture,they not only cultivate the Chinese second generation of architects,also made great contribution in the education curriculum standard for China the formulation and in the construction research development.Looking over the Chinese modern times construction education history,the teaching idea and the method which influenced by status Paris Fine arts academy pattern have occupied the mainstream status.It leads many of the teaching system building institutions for decades.Unlike the "academy-style" teaching system the modern education system has been subject to repression in the non-mainstream status.This kind of phenomenons appearance have the direct relations to the architects teach in each university during the Republic of China time.Both Japan and U.S.A.two major countries Chinese studies the West building technology in the early time,construction education is take "the academicism" the pattern as the foundation.The architectures from China definitely will be influenced subtly by the "academy-style" education.After returning home,also naturally use the "academy" type of education model.The concluding part discusses the impact of the Chinese modernization of architecture development caused by the architects in the period of republic of China,and discusses law of the Chinese architecture modernization development from the perspective of the architects.