| Water is a basic natural resource and strategic economic resource. It is the controlling factor of the social economic development and ecological environment protection, playing the special and indispensible role in the development of human society. In recent years, the extreme climate appears frequently, especially in the southwest of China, where the engineering water shortage is very obvious. In order to solve the engineering water shortage, central goverenment issued the Central File No.1in2011, which gave priority to speeding up the construction of water conservancy projects, and decided to construct a number of key water projects in western regions if conditions permitting, to alleviate the drought in southwest.However, large and medium-sized water conservancy projects are often priced at a large number of high-quality arable land resources flooded, especially the southwest areas of our country, where high-quality arable land is often located by the valley sides. Once the project finished, and the reservoir store water normally, a large number of cultivated land will be flooded. As a scarce resource, arable land is a strategic resource relate to the people’s livelihood, and the basic farmland is important to ensure national food security and social stability. At present, there are more than660districts (counties) with per capita arable land lower than the warning line of0.053hectares set by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).The situation is very serious. It is necessary to effectively protect arable land at any time, and to adhere to the strictest arable land protection system. In order to solve "drinking water problem", some key water projects will be constructed at the price of a lot of high-quality cultivated land in valley areas.Thus, the water resouce and land resource utilization seem to have become an irreconcilable conflict. However, from the macro perspective, water projects often irrigate large areas of arable land, improve irrigation quality, and enhance the irrigation guarantee rate. In addition, they can also provide the people and livestock living along the irrigation area with safe drinking water, city water supply, industrial water supply, flood control safety and many other functions. The demand for water resources of cultivated land and population in the large areas provides a reason and the necessity for the construction of water conservancy project. For a long time, traditional land economists hold a rather limited understanding of the arable land value. They only discuss the value of cultivated land in the simple or narrow economic value range, while neglecting or limiting the eco-service function, social security function, social stability function, intergenerational equity external value of land. Because of underestimation of the cultivated land benefit, the real value of flooded land loss in engineering scheme comparison will not be shown. The comparative advantage of arable land is low, so the flooded land cannot play a decisive role in the dam site comparison and water level comparison. In turn, its value can not be reflected in the land compensation of large and medium-sized water conservancy projects.Large and medium-sized water conservancy projects require a lot of land. At the same time, they also bring huge resettlement population. For a long time, the idea of Focusing on construction, and neglecting immigrants" widely exists in engineering construction. It is a strategy generally adopted in local areas to reduce the immigration investment for national projects. In this situation, it has been a must to study the cultivated land value loss and land compensation of water conservancy project at the moment.From the perspective of arable land value, this paper aims to establish the value system of cultivated land as a starting point, with references to the domestic and foreign researches on the value of cultivated land and arable land compensation. Based on the analysis of flooded arable land in planning and under-constructing large and medium-sized water conservancy projects in Chongqing, the paper chooses four projects as the study area, including Jinfo Mountain in Nanchuan, Guanyin Cave in Yubei, Longmen bridge in Changshou, and Dongfanghong in Shizhu District to analyze the impact of large and medium-sized water conservancy project on the arable land value, including the value loss (i.e., calculate the specific economic value, social stability value, social security value and ecological value loss in four areas). Then it analyzes changes of arable land value with the comparison of value loss and value compensation from different angles including different reservoirs and regions. According to the analysis results, put forward to the cultivated land protection policy on the ground of large and medium-sized water conservancy projects. Namely through the establishment of land value loss prevention and control system and improving the land value compensation policy recommendations, from a technical and policy aspects, try to minimize the land value loss, and realize the maximum cultivated land value compensation, not only to solve the water drinking problem, but also to solve the food problem, realizing the sustainable development of water conservancy construction and cultivated land protection. The main contents of this study are as follows:I. Analysis of the Land Use Characteristics of Large and Medium-sized Water Conservancy Projects in Chongqing This paper chooses some under-constructing large and medium-sized water conservancy projects in Chongqing and does the contrastive analysis through the constrast between land coverage and arable land occupation.36planning and under-constructing large and medium-sized water conservancy projects have a total storage capacity of100.232million m3, with the flooded area of6,598hectares,3,808hectares of flooded arable land, with cultivated land area57.72%of the total; every10million m3storage (108m3) will flood65.82hectares of land, of which37.99hectares of arable land. As for the reservoir scale, the arable land flooded by large reservoirs will average58.91%of the total land area, and medium-sized reservoir53.12%.It shows that in the construction of large and medium-sized water conservancy projects, flooded arable land takes a larger proportion, and flooded arable land per unit storage is larger.II.The Impact of Large and Medium Water Conservancy Projects on Arable Land-Value LossThe study adopts the method of income capitalization, substitution method, shadow price method, and other methods to calculate the cultivated land economic value, social stability value, social security value and the ecological value of four reservoir areas, including Jinfo Mountain in Nanchuan, Guanyin Cave in Yubei, Longmen Bridge in Changshou, and Dongfanghong in Shizhu District. Among them, the arable land economic value loss takes the highest proportion, respectively44.45%,45.05%,42.43%, and51.21%. Pepper is planted in Dongfanghong reservoir areas,Shizhu District, which has higher economic benefit, so the arable land economic value level is the highest in the four areas, suggesting that the higher proportion of economic crops is, the more conducive to improving the land economic value output level; second is the arable land ecological value. The proportions of the ecological value loss account for32.93%,32.36%,30.91%, and26.05%respectively; it shows the ecological value hold the great proportion in the comprehensive value of cultivated land. It is necessary to realize the outside ecological value in the cultivated land use and acquisition process, otherwise the value of the arable land will be greatly underestimated, lowering the economic benefits of cultivated land, and leading to the fast conversion of cultivated land to non-agricultural land. In all, the overall cultivated land value loss is directly proportional to the flooded and occupied arable land in the four reservoirs. The more arable land is occupied, the greater the loss, which suggests that in the construction of water conservancy project, it is essential to reduce the occupation of cultivated land so as to reduce the arable land value loss.In the hydraulic engineering construction, it is necessary to follow the principle of land saving and intensive use, and to take various measures to reduce the occupation of cultivated land.III. The Impact of Large and Medium Water Conservancy Projects on Arable Land-Value Compensation Through the construction of cultivated land value compensation framework in large and medium-sized water conservancy project areas, the arable land compensation value calculation method is put forward in this section. The method is adopted to calculate the direct value and indirect value compensation of four reservoir areas, including Jinfo Mountain in Nanchuan, Guanyin Cave in Yubei, Longmen Bridge in Changshou, and Dongfanghong in Shizhu District. The cultivated land value compensation system is discussed. Through calculating the direct value and indirect value compensation of four reservoir areas, it is found that the direct value compensation of cultivated land in four reservoirs is overall directly proportional to flooded and occupied arable land. The more direct loss, the more arable land value compensation. As for the new or improved irrigation indirect value compensation, the water conservancy project of the agricultural irrigation or the larger water conservancy project not in agricultural irrigation, but used for agricultural irrigation will have higher indirect value compensation level, because of larger new and improved irrigation areas. As for the indirect ecological value compensation of new waters in the reservoir areas, in general it is in direct proportion the amount of cultivated land flooded in the four reservoir areas. The more cultivated land is flooded, the more ecological value compensation for the newly added waters. It is suggested to perfect the arable land requisition compensation system. Internalize the outside ecological service function value into the value compensation system through the ecological compensation fee paid by the occupants of cultivated land; improve the land requisition value compensation standard level, set the compensation standard according to the various calculated function value level actually taken by the arable land in the reservoir areas, to make the standard of compensation really reflect the value loss of arable land.IV. Analysis of Cultivated Land Value Changes on the Ground of Large and Medium-sized Water Conservancy ProjectsThrough the study of the four reservoirs, it is found that the arable land value changes is proportional to the amount of cultivated land loss, and the overall decreases, indicating that value compensation for the loss of cultivated land is not sufficient in the construction of water conservancy projects. It is urgent to improve the compensation fee of land, land resettlement grants, land reclamation fees and other compensation standards. From the perspective of each component, hydraulic engineering construction led to greater ecological value loss, which shows that the ecological value is an important part of comprehensive value of cultivated land. At present, it is an urgent task to improve the cultivated land value compensation system. Take the ecological value and other external value into the compensation system, and improve the land value compensation level. The main function of the water conservancy project is agricultural irrigation as in Nanchuan District and Shizhu County. Or the project not mainly for agricultural irrigation, but a great amount of water is used for agricultural irrigation, the converted area of cultivated land is still greater than the loss area of arable land-Yubei District, whose value of cultivated land is increasing totally. Conversely, the main function of the water conservancy project is industrial and urban water supply in Changshou District. Because the new or improved irrigation area is less, the value of cultivated land is reducing.It indicates to guarantee agricultural irrigation in the hydraulic engineering design, so that the new or improved irrigation efficiency will be greater, so as to ensure that the cultivated land loss value can be fully compensated by indirect methods in the water conservancy project areas.V. Strategies to Protect the Arable Land on the Ground of Large and Medium-sized Water Conservancy Project-to Establish the Value Loss Prevention and Control SystemOn the basis of the quantification of the cultivated land value loss, the author of the paper tries to establish a set of cultivated land value loss prevention and control system on the ground of large and medium-sized water conservancy project construction, to realize the arable land protection and reduce the cultivated land value loss. The concept of the cultivated land value loss prevention and control system can be interpreted as follows:in the current economic and technological conditions, on the premise that engineering safety is met with moderate investment and reservoir functions are not reduced, in order to optimize the scale of the project and the reduce the arable land value loss, establish intensive land use evaluation index system to improve the land use efficiency in the construction of water conservancy, and to prevent extensive use of cultivated land;at each stage of the construction of water conservancy project, optimize the project location, layout, reservoir scale design and other technical means, to save land, reduce the occupation of cultivated land, and minimize the land value loss.The intensive land use evaluation index system of water conservancy project will be evaluated for the intensive degree using AHP method and comprehensive index method, so as to prevent and correct the value loss. In the results of intensive evaluation of direct land use, that of Nanchuan Jinfo Mountain Water Project is the highest (0.7531), close to efficient use, mainly in the structure, the benefit and the cultivated land value loss. The flooded land area per unit water storage and the flooded arable land are is the lowest, which shows the site selection is rather reasonable; the economic index of flooding area is moderate, the irrigation benefit is obvious, the irrigation area of unit water coverage, water supply population, and water storage capacity are all excellent, showing the function of the water conservancy project is also reasonable. The reservoir mainly aiming at the agricultural irrigation and rural drinking increase the intensive land use efficiency; the unit water flooded arable land value loss per unit is lowest too, which shows there is small flooded arable land, and the corresponding value loss is also low. On the contrary, the projects aiming at industrial water supply and city water supply as Guanyin Cave in Yubei, Longmen Bridge in Changshou have poorer efficiency, so the supply structure, the reservoir function need to be further optimized.As for the indirect land use evaluation results, Guanyin Cave Project in Yubei has the highest score of intensive degrees, close to the high efficient use; Longmen Bridge Water Conservancy Project in Changshou is the second, moderate utilization; Jinfo Mountain Project in Nanchuan and Dongfanghong in Shizhu have the lower intensive degree, inefficient use.In the aspect of the intensive technical methods and measurements of land conservation in water conservancy project construction, achieve the purpose of the economical use of land, less arable land occupation, the value loss control mainly through the dam site selection, water level selection, dam optimization, channel line design, the relocation population reduction, optimizing professional rebuilding, engineering protection measurements, land reclamation and other means.VI. Strategies to Protect the Arable Land on the Ground of Large and Medium-sized Water Conservancy Project-Perfect Arable Land Value Compensation MechanismBy calculating the value of cultivated land loss, the specific quantized value of the arable land value loss can be clarified.Compared with the existing land acquisition compensation policy of water conservancy projects, the current policy and land compensation system defects and shortcomings can be analyzed. It is suggested to improve the arable land value compensation policy mainly from the following7aspects:clarify the cultivated land property right, land ownership, and use right subject; improve the land requisition compensation system; increase the land requisition value compensation standard, reasonably determining the multiples of the occupied land compensation and annual production per mu; establish long-term regional compensation mechanism; perfect the legislation, and confirm the right and the obligations of each subject in law;establish the scientific and reasonable tax system for cultivated land resource; establish the arable land value compensation system shifting to the market mechanism.
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