Research On The Urban Disease During The Urbanization In China

From the urbanization process in international developed countries, we can see that when the level of urbanization reaches over 30%, a series of urban problems of the urban population crowding, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, health deterioration, and crime rate explosion have began to emerge, especially when the level reaches over 50%, these problems would be concentrated outbreak. Although China’s urbanization began lately, it developed dramatically, which presented the development characteristics of "enrichment type."In 1996, China’s urbanization rate reached 30.48%; with the good macroeconomic environment and country urbanization strategy, it has entered a accelerated development period—in 2011, China’s urbanization exceeded 50%, and in 2015, it increased to 56.10%.In less than 20 years, China’s urbanization rate had increased by nearly 26%; the average annual growth was 1.3%. In addition with China’s huge population base, it constitutes an unprecedented, developing rapidly, large-scale urbanization picture in the word.According to the international experience, China has become into the key stage of the outbreak of the urban disease, the urban disease has become a practical problem with widely criticized by the public, and highly attached by the government and academic circles. Urban disease seriously affected the health of the residents in the cities, and their satisfaction to the production and life, which restricted the sustainable development of the cities. The existence of the urban disease would seriously hinder the permanent migration of agricultural labor force, improve the labor cost, and then affect the development of the industrialization, hinder the ascension of the rural labor productivity at the same time; it would restrict the agricultural modernization and smooth development of the urban-rural integration. Therefore, to scientifically prevent the urban disease is the important measure for the healthy urban development in China, which is the strong guarantee for China’s new urbanization smooth implementation, and it is also the key for the national social and economic sustainable development.Urbanization is the inevitable trend of human society development; it is also the important symbol of modernization. Speeding development of China’s urbanization makes a huge non-agricultural population rushed into the cities in a short period of time, which was beyond the carrying capacity of urban social resources; it directly resulted the urban disease emerging for crowded population, traffic congestion, resources shortage, environmental pollution, "urban village," and urban-rural population. In addition, in the urbanization process, the agricultural transfer population presents the unique characteristics of non-permanent rural-urban migration, and our national financial system design and urban planning are configured according to registered population, which makes the urban infrastructures and public service supply could not consider the huge population of non-permanent migration. This makes the cause of the urban disease become more complexity and comprehensive, which brings difficult for controlling the urban disease.This article makes systematical discussion on the formation, performance, measurement problems, causes, and countermeasures of China’s urban disease with the methods of literature analysis, historical analysis, comparative analysis and econometric analysis methods. The main contents are as follows:The chapter one mainly introduced the selected topic background, the article’s research significance, research methods, basic structure and main contents, main innovations and deficiencies.The chapter two is literature review.It sorts out foreign literature from two aspects of urban economy and urban disease; domestic literature from five aspects of the basic urban disease concept, main performance, causes, measures and the governance of urban disease. Thus it found that although the research results of urban disease in recent years is relatively abundant, the content scattered, which are lack of depth and systematization, and they focus on qualitative research rather than quantitative research, focus on the major cities’ study rather than small and medium-sized cities. So that it determine the academic space in this article.The chapter three focuses on the formation and development of urbanization disease in urbanization process.From the three aspects of the staged development law of urbanization process, the interaction law of industrialization and urbanization, and the three basic modes of urbanization process, it summarizes the general rule of world urbanization, on this basis, it sums up the evolution laws of urban disease in different stages, and the influence laws of the different urbanization modes to urban disease.The chapter four analyzes the formation of urban disease and performance in China’s urbanization process. It summarizes the characteristics of urbanization process. It analyses the formation and development of the urban disease, three different stages: initial stage, deterioration stage, and concentrated outbreak stage; and then it summarizes the main performance of the urban disease in China’s present stage:urban congestion, resources shortage, environmental pollution, high house prices and housing idle, the serious problem of "urban village," etc.The chapter five discuses China’s urban disease measures, and makes empirical study. Firstly, it establishes the index system of the urban disease measure, using the principal component analysis with the SPSS software to make empirical measure of the urban disease in the 288 prefecture-level cities in our country. It draws the following conclusions:(1) the urban disease becomes a common problem for most cities;(2) the urban disease is closely related to the urban size, relatively serious in big cities, super cities and mega-cities;(3) there is no clear correlations between the urban disease and the urban economic development levels;(4) the urban disease in our country presents the trends that it is more serious in the eastern and southwestern China, while relatively not serious in the northeastern and northwestern China;(5) widely the urban disease is not the problem of the whole city, but more outstanding performance in the central city areas.The chapter six analyzes the causes of China’s urban disease.Combined with the particularity of China’s urbanization process, it fully considers the performance and the measure results of the urban disease in our country, it thinks that the most direct cause is the excessive concentration beyond the bearing capacity of the city, and the non-permanent rural-urban migration of the population and the imbalance of social resource allocation is the root cause, and then it the deviation is closely related to the of deviation and disorder of the urban planning, and inefficient and backward of urban governance.The chapter seven is about the foreign management experiences and enlightenments to urban disease. It summarizes the urban disease management experience in United States, Britain, Japan and other developed countries and developing countries such as Brazil, and India. Based on this, it probes the enlightenments of foreign urban disease management to our country.The chapter eight provides the China’s urban disease control measures. Combined with the above analysis, it puts forward counter-measures of urban disease from the following aspects:from promoting agricultural transfer population’s citizenry, promoting the integration of urban and rural development, improving the urban planning’s scientific and effectively improving the level of governance in urban management.