A Study On Jruchen Social Organization Before The State

Most factors of the internal state organization of Jin originated from Jurchen social organization before the state. The study on this period is of great significance on understanding the forming of the Jurchen state and its concerning characteristics. My dissertation take the case of Anchuhu group, and through the line of its development I will investigate the social organization of the basic units, the system of the development and transformation, the influence of Liao vassal tribe system on Jurchen society. Thus, I can discuss the issue how the pre-state social organization evolves to the state. All the paper can be divided into 4 chapters, besides introduction and conclusion:The introduction mainly introduces the significance, and draws a limit on its timing and place. At the same time, reorganizing and introducing the researching result related to this topic home and abroad, summarizing the existing problems and expositing the basic thoughts, framework and research techniques.The 1st chapter is mainly the investigation on the concrete meaning of vocabulary of Jurchen social organization of the basic units in Jin Shi, that is jia(家),ZU(族)and bu(?)(部).Firstly, an investigation on the referential meaning on the two Chinese characters"族"and"宗",will be made. And I found the"族"in Liao referred to four generations of lineal line, that was from ego to great-grandfather, and parental members of the three generations in collateral line. The members of the same zu have got obvious characteristics of corporate group, whereas "zong" represented the pure decent pedigree, the members of the same zong might not have the corporate relation. Secondly, by means of the investigation on the relationship between "zu" and "kushen" of Jurchen village. I found kushen is the basic resident settlements of zu, but because the difference of the peoples number of zu, some one can content several kushen. "Bu" was made of several "zu"corrording common territeral residence, and it can be form the identy which in the form of surname of "bu".The 2nd chapter is mainly the discussion on Jurchen bogin system and the vassal tribe system of Liao in Northeast from Zhaozu Shilu to Jingzu Wugunai. During the period of Zhaozu and Jingzu, Jurchen had its own two structures of dubogin and bogin. Bogin was chief, referred to the honorific name on the leader who belonged to a certain zu or had some followers. The aquistion of the bogin was by the individual power and the support of the relatives of the same lineage, and was not by means of election. Some bogins combine the bu and zu in different valleys into one regional territorial association by means of marriage and warfare,then they can be called dubogins. Jingzu Wugunai was called dutaishi/dubogin, because he set up the group of Anchuhu. The different territorial groups of Jurchen sometimes fight and sometimes make peace; the example would be Poduotushui Wanyan and Anchuhu Wanyan tribe. Jingzu Wugunai could buy some kind of title by means of money and horses, which also symbol the degrees of this mutual interaction. But because the two forces ranges were so near, that they became hostile at last. But the mutual interaction between Jurchen territorial groups was in the vassal tribe system of Liao, and the interaction was under the surveillance of Liao. Jingzu could develop toward the areas outside of Anchuhu river, under the name of secretariat of Jurchen vassal tribe. Since it was carried out as the vassal tribe of Liao, it was impossible for Jurchen to expand and annex regionally by itself.The 3rd chapter is mainly the discussion on the issue of transformation of the internal structure in the Anchuhu group during the period of Shizu Helibo. From the period of Shizu to Muzong Yingge, there had many change of members in the nuclear of Anchuhu group. Among which, the typical ones were Bahei and Xielie, the former was the brother of Jingzu and the latter the son of Zhufu. Both were defeated in the battle for the leadership of the nuclear group with Helibo brothers, they were no longer the members of the nuclear group. This reflected that the status of the leader of the territorial group still had no corresponding inherit system. At the same time, important developments was achieved from the period of Helibo to Yingge, that was the status of the leadership, such as dubogin transmitted successively between powerful families, the nuclear members began to be raised mainly from the branch or supporters of this powerful family. At the meantime of the core group, the structure of Jurchen basic unti—kushen began to transform to the wartime Jericho. The dominant bogin in kushen developed into bogin of bigwigs, the bogin in this level reflected in Jin Shi was the bogins who were the peers of Helibo brothers. They were the main policymakers, whereas the common bogins were rejected outside of decision-making circle.At last, the ways of controlling on the system of dubogin—bogin of the original territorial groups was conducted in the period of Shizu. After the war of Susuhaidian, soldiers were sent and stationed here, and the flowing military deterrent force was changed into the longtime deterring and controlling on the peripheral clans and tribes, thus, the territorial control was realized in the subordinated areas.The 4th chapter is mainly the discussion on the change of regional expansion of the Anchuhu group and the initiated change of Jurchen tribe structure. From the period of Shizu to Muzong, they carried out large-scale expansion under the name of serve for Liao, with shield of the legal identity of Liao officials of tribe. Till the period of Muzong, most of the raw Jurchen areas was annexed, vassal tribe system of Liao was completely disintegrated. The own bogin system of the Jurchen has become the dominant controlling mechanism. Anchuhu group began to build a new regional controlling system centered on the core, including controlling methods of different models of the nuclear, subordinate area, conqueror area. The type of dominant structure was set up, like the pyramid whose top was the nuclear clan. The following ones were the division and transformation of Jurchen bogin system. The nuclear powerful bogin began to be titled as bojilie, differentiated from the perspective of grades with the dubogin and bogin on their subordinated regions. The nuclear part constructed by bojilie began to change into central institutions, whereas the subordinate bogin's ownership of their subordinates gradually divided with its status, common bogin evolved to ranking bureaucrats. All in all, Anchuhu group in the period of Yingge has transformed into the form of state.The conclusion part is mainly the synthesis of the previous 4 chapters. The key was the summarization of the relationship between the system of bogin and its social organization of the basic units in the process of the development of the Jurchen social organization in Liao. What's more, a summary appraisal would be given on the influence of Liao vassal tribe system on Jurchen society.