A Contrastive Study Of The Negative Expression Between Chinese And Japanese

The negation of human language, as a widely adopted semantic and grammar category, occupies an important position in the linguistic study and the practical communication. It is exemplified in the past study that the adoption of negation is a tough mission in the teaching of Chinese and Japanese, however, the scholarly achievements on the system of negative expression in Chinese and Japanese are very rare yet, so this dissertation seeks to make a detailed interpretation on the commonality and features of the Chinese and Japanese negative expression, and strive to be summarized and interpreted the law of Chinese and Japanese negative expression or mechanism, on the base of research results of ontological negate in Chinese and Japanese by the means of comparative study and deductive reasoning. In details, a study and analysis on how the negative facts link up with other factors and form actual negative expressions in practical linguistic circumstances would be made, on the basis of study of the connection between the negative form and negative meaning. Through a profound comparison between the negative expression in Chinese and Japanese, I wish the dissertation could not only contribute to the research on the category of negation and the linguistics of Chinese and Japanese, but also help to the accuracy of the translation appliances as well as the language teaching practices.This dissertation has eight chapters:The first chapter begins with a clear purpose and significance of this research to determine the scope of the study and research methodologies.In Chapter II, a brief summarization and overview of the correlated texts in Chinese and Japanese study would be made, from the negative word, negative meaning and function, the main objective, as well as the negative tone of the relationship between the denial and the conversation level in the negative, negative with the system, the relationship between negation and tense and aspect, the negative focus and scoping issues related to the Chinese and Japanese literature overview and combing, and seeks to show the same and differences on macro in the expression of Chinese and Japanese denial on this basis.The third chapter focuses on the shaping of negative sentences, and divides the process of shaping into two steps, namely, first of all to establish a positive pre-assumptions, and then the negative pre-assumptions by use of philosophy and logic; clarifies that this is the basis of the shaping of the negation in all languages and it is on this basis that I study the similarity and difference between the negation of"没有NP"and"NPがない". Whether"NP"could merge with the negative forms of"没有NP"and"NPがない"will be decided in the first place by the objective facts, i.e., only when negation exists in objective facts will people accept the negation in language, which is similar to Japanese; only when a presumption of affirmation exists can the negative forms take shape, which is different in Chinese and Japanese.The negation of adjectives is inspected and the features of the adjectives that are rarely negated are analyzed, which regards it as the principal object of study in the fourth chapter. The precise adjectives are seldom negated, the reason is that the possibility of presumption is trivial. On the same time we also find that there is substantial specialty in the location of meaning of adjectives, while the existence of a good number of antonyms is a substantial specialty of the adjectives against verbs and nouns. A detailed description and explanation of its specialty is made through the combing of the categories of antonyms and close attentions to the negation of the sentences with adjective predicates as well as of the degree adverbs and adjectives, and the location of negative adjectives in comparison sentences.The connection between negative and tense and negative and aspect is discussed in Chapter5. the particularity of tense and aspect in both Chinese and Japanese is looked at. There is little correspondence between the two languages.A comparison between the shapes of climax negative expression in Chinese and Japanese is made in the sixth and seventh chapter. The climax negative adverbs in the negative circumstances is mainly studied in the sixth chapter. Firstly, the climax negative adverbs in Chinese and Japanese are located, and the features in three strata of syntax, semiotics and grammar are deeply studied. The common sense in the acknowledgement is reflected by their similarity and expression of human beings to the real world, however, because of the limitation and disturbance of semantic order of negative adverbs in Chinese and Japanese, the case studies of the comparison of similarities and gaps of"并"and"決して"in syntax, semiotics and grammar stratum are focused on and the differences in the other climax negative adverbs in Chinese and Japanese are studied .The negative form "一量名" is analyzed and the mechanism of the whole volume negation in Chinese and Japanese is interpreted from syntax, semantics, pragmatics. Firstly, different reasons for syntactical constraints is illustrated and then the choice and limitations of classifier and noun in this format is explained from the semantic and pragmatic point, namely the lowest ---the minimum--- undivided amount. Among many classifiers with same amount, the conventional collocation is widely used.The main arguments?innovations and the topics left to be studied, and so on are summarized in this article.The features and creative points includes: (1) the forming of negative expression is divided into two conscious processes on the basis of the relationship between negation and thoughts in this dissertation: 1) the location of the"uncommon"presumption in common senses; 2) the rebut or negation to presumption and think it is the common foundation for negation. The meaning of"not"and"no"in modern Chinese is reanalyzed and common reasons for constraints to use negation in some formats of modern Chinese and Japanese are interpreted(2) The comparison of negation in Chinese and Japanese in the past is narrowed in contrast items and limited in contrast viewpoints which mainly established corresponding relations of negative words in Chinese and Japanese. The relation between forms and meaning is analyzed and established from speaker?s viewpoints based on cognitive linguistics in this dissertation. The mechanism of negative expression and differences of mechanism between Chinese and Japanese is interpreted instead of corresponding relations of negative words to overcome mistakes caused by corresponding relations reflected in the past teaching and help students to establish and grasp expressive system of negation and finally acquire the use of negation. (3) On the basis of the statistics of the error analyzing in Chinese and Japanese in the past, we select the items of comparison in negative expressions. We grouped out abundant items which concern nouns, adjectives, nouns, negative climax adverbs and special negative styles; the strata of comparison also present multiply, that deploy in aspects of syntax, semiotics and grammar. 3)The contrast items are chosen with aim from our teaching. The contrast items we choose from are very rich, including: the comparison of constraints in negative formats?negative location?semantic features of negative words ?tense and aspect?climax negative adverbs and climax negative formats.(4)Negation is generally semantic and grammar categories, among which climax negation is generally phenomenon in inter-language. The common features and differences in climax negative adverbs and"一量名"are explored from syntax ?semantics and pragmatics by means of contrast.