Sentence V Na ¤¤ "deny The Scope And Negative Focus On The Japanese Verb Negative

From the Japanese linguist's point of view, the negative expression in Japanese is considered to be a subject which deserves paying much attention to. Especially researches about the scope of negative expression and the focus of it have been carried out one after another, and there has been a long time discussion about the question that what kind of component the scope of the negative expression includes, what the focus of the negative expression is, and what the relationship between the scope and the focus of negative expression is. For instance, one of the most representative conclusion which was drawn by kudo is that in a negative sentence whether a component is in the scope of negative expression or not depends on the duty of the component. However, this conclusion contradicts the view of kato who insist that all of the components which constitute the'koto'are in the scope of the negative expression. There is a conflict between the two linguistics about whether the so-called jyokyogo which represents the circumstance such as when, where, and why is in the scope of negative expression or not. In kudo's opinion, jyokyogo is not in the scope, while kato considered it to be in the scope. Because of the difference between the two considerations, I decided to carry out some research about the scope and focus of negative expression as the paper of my master degree, in order to get an reasonable answer. Negative expression is a broad field, and it includes many kinds of expressions. Therefore, among all of the negative expressions, negatives verbs are set to be the main target to be studied, and I hope my study can give some help to the rest negative expressions.There are totally three chapters in my paper. In the first chapter, by introducing the existing theories about the scope and focus of negative expressions, the difference and the common point between these theories can be revealed. Before the ending of this chapter, in order to lead to the specific analysis of the next chapter, the issue -- what the relationship between jyokyogo and negative verbs is was raised.The second part is titled to be'the scope of negative expression'. In this chapter, discussion is held almost from the angle of syntax. At the beginning of this part, the concept of the scope and focus of negative expression is discussed. In my paper, I basically agree with the concept drawn by kudo and kato. Even though the concept has been widely accepted, I tried to explain it by my own words and understanding: the scope of negative expression is a kind of qualification, thus it is a general characteristic. The focus of negative expression is the one which is actually selected from those who have this qualification. As the preparation for my next research, the two methods to classify the component of sentence was also introduced. According to the specific role that a component plays in a negative sentence, kudo separate them to taisyogo, jyokyogo and so on. Besides, teramura believes that component of sentence can be divided into indispensable complement and auxiliary complement by using the theory of syntax. It is obvious that taisyogo equals to indispensable complement, while jyokyogo equals to auxiliary complement. According to the criterion that if the absence of the component don't give any obstruction to understanding the meaning of the negative sentence, the component is the focus of negative expression, we can assert that taiyougo is in the scope of negative expression because indispensable complement is in the scope of negative expression. In the term of auxiliary complement, the majority of it cannot be the focus of negative expression, although there are also some exceptions. This problem will be solved in the third chapter.In the third chapter, jyokyogo is considered to be the focus of this part, and pragmatic presupposition is supposed to be used in the analysis. In short, pragmatic presupposition can be defined to be the knowledge which is shared both by the speaker and by the listener. In wide sense, it belongs to the old information. So the conclusion can be drawn as below. Jyokyogo which doesn't belong to pragmatic presupposition can be the focus of negative expression. Therefore, under this condition, jyokyogo is said to be in the scope of negative expression. On the other side, jyokyogo which belongs to the pragmatic presupposition can't be the focus of negative expression. What's more, when jyokyogo acts as one part of the attributive word in a negative sentence, jyokyogo won't become the focus of negative expression unless the attributive word is predicative or deterministic.Totally speaking, after the concept of the scope and focus of negative expression was made clearly, jyokyogo was mainly researched by using pragmatic theory, and finally reached my own conclusion although it is immature. This paper is full of Pragmatic theory, but it doesn't mean that I try to deny syntax. Accurately speaking, by using pragmatic, I just try to solve some problems that can't be given a reasonable analysis by syntax. And I just intend to make some pragmatic explain in addition to syntactic explain.