The Study On Civil Diplomacy During The Period Of Anti-Japaness War Of China

The civil diplomacy of China originated from the rising of the ideology of national member and the innovation of the concept of nation in modern times, which was the result of the foreign influence and as well as the outcome of the dissemination of the West learning. With the dissemination of the ideology of the Western people sovereignty to China, the concept of civil diplomacy was imported to China in the Late Qing Dynasty. Based on its flexible forms and unique style, civil diplomacy exerted an irreplaceable role that the government could not take at different historical period.From the Late Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Public of China, the civil diplomacy of China had gone through a tough period of time. After the September 19th Incident, the setbacks of government of KMT in foreign affairs, however, promoted the reviving of civil diplomacy, which laid foundation for the full development of civil diplomacy after the breakout of Anti-Japanese War. When the Anti-Japanese War broke out, considering the fact that China was no match for Japan in military power, the Chinese government was forced to strive for international sympathy and supports. Meanwhile, the deterioration of international situation and the difficulties in foreign affairs that the government of KMT met helped civil diplomacy became an important and special form in foreign affairs during the whole process of Anti-Japanese War, and furthermore, stimulated the coming of climax of civil diplomacy during the course of Anti-Japanese War.During the course of Anti-Japanese War, in order to unite all forces that were against Japanese Imperialism and to win the sympathy and supports from people all over the world, all walks of life in China launched various forms of civil diplomacy. Therefore, the diplomacy of Anti-Japanese was thriving and became the essential part of Chinese enterprise of diplomacy.After the breakout of Anti-Japanese War, the international situation that CPC were facing had changed greatly which offered advantages for them to launch Civil diplomacy. CPC, on the one hand, rearranged their strategies in diplomacy to adjust to the demand of diplomacy in war times, and on the other hand, they gave the concrete instructions on how to launch civil diplomacy. In war times, the various forms of civil diplomacy that CPC launched was mainly represented in the association with international friends, international organizations, the foreign press and American government. The South Department of CPC, the Agency of the Eighth Routh Army in Chongqing and Yan'an, also played an important role in civil diplomacy of CPC. Although CPC met many difficulties in civil diplomacy, civil diplomacy of CPC had exerted great influence to help CPC widen their association and step forward into international stage.When Anti-Japanese War broke out, the government of KMT also changed its diplomatic strategies to deal with difficulties in diplomacy by adopting the method of launching official diplomacy together with civil diplomacy. On the one hand, they took advantage of power of the press to launch public diplomacy, and on the other hand, they sent the representatives, for example, Song Meiling, etc, to America, using their private relations to associate with American government. Besides, they also took advantage of some semi-official agencies to launch civil diplomacy. The civil diplomacy of KMT was not only an important addition to their official diplomacy, but also a great help to strive for international sympathy and supports.In the face of unfavorable international situation, Chinese celebrities began to exert their personal influence both at home and broad and use their relationship to launch civil diplomacy widely. Some celebrities, represented by Song Qingling, Tao Xingzhi, Zhang Pengchun, Qian Junrui, Jiang Baili, Hu Shi, etc., went aboard to spread their propositions on Anti-Japanese, requesting all the government and people in the world to fight against the fascist invasion. Their actions highly represented their responsibilities to nation and country, and made great contributions to the victory of Anti-Japanese War as well.Meanwhile, some civil groups, like oversea Chinese organizations, religious organizations, and the Red Cross, etc., also exerted their influence to launch civil diplomacy abroad when official diplomacy was frustrated, which achieved great accomplishment too. Those groups actually became a crucial force to win oversea assistance and supports for the government.The civil diplomacy during the course of Anti-Japanese War is an important part for the democratization of diplomacy in modern Chinese society, and also is the mark for the democratization of politics of modern China. It not only made up the deficiency by winning a great deal of assistance, but also helped people all over the world better know China as well as enhance the international position and prestige of China. When it enters into new century, with the full development of Chinese foreign affairs, the function of civil diplomacy will become more and more important. As an indispensable part of Chinese enterprise of diplomacy, civil diplomacy is bound to active and colorful.