Research Of Social And Historical Change In Right Wing-Junwang Banner Of Ongniud

The social and historical change of Inner Mongolia's leagues and banners is a major task for the research of Inner Mongolia History in Qing Dynasty and Modern History of Inner Mongolia, but also an important part in research of Inner Mongolia's regional history and culture.This paper gives a deep description of social and historical change in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud (now located in the south of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia), in zhaowuda League, during Qing Dynasty and Republic of China. It takes Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud as the scope of the study, which is now known as Hongshan District, Yuan Baoshan Distirct and Songshan District in Chifeng and some parts in Ongniud Banner.The whole text consists of three parts:The first part is mainly to discuss the political changes in Ongniud Tribe. The paper is to do some textual research from many respects, which include the origin of Ongniud Tribe (ancestors of Ongniud, research of Ongniud Tribe's language), history of Ongniud Tribe, formation, organizations and settings of Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud, mansion, police station and judicatory of it and the relations of rights and obligations between Qing Dynasty and Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud.The second part is mainly to talk about the social and historical changes, including agricultural and industrial change and changes in mining, business, transport and communication, religion, education, arts and culture in Qing Dynasty and early period of Republic of China, "counties governed separately" and "abolish county but banner" during the Puppet, and after the surrender of the Japanese.Early in Qing Dynasty, Zhasake in Inner Mongolia carried out unified Tribe-Banner System, which managed directly by the Court of Colonial Affairs. With the increase of immigrants of Han nationality, it not only cause changes in national structure of area beyond the Great Wall and changes in economy and geography, but also bring in some new problems to the administrative jurisdiction. Therefore, the cross phenomenon of administrative structure emerged, with counties governed separately and Mongolia ethnic group and Han group coexisting.Since Emperor Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty from 1644 to Emperor Xianfeng in 1851, after two hundred years of evolution, land for nomadic ethnic group in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud was almost turned into farming land and also privatized. In Qing Dynasty, local government finance and manors of feudal lords exist side by side in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud. This banner was one of the places that the largest numbers of wastelands were opened up by Han Chinese immigrants and also had the largest number of land rents in general with the basic form that mongolians as lords, and the Han people as tenants.The immigrants of Han people and the development of land reclamation and cultivation made agricultural reclamation in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud by immigrants expand constantly. Before government of Qing Dynasty began to set people to reclaim wasteland, all the land were already opened up. Therefore, there was no wasteland for people in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud to open. The immigrants of Han people and the development of land reclamation also caused changes in governing structure in this area.With the policy of making immigrants go to border for strengthening border forces, people who directly affiliated to Jin, Ji, Lu and Yu began to go to the area east of Shanhai Pass-northeast China and began to go to area west of Inner Mongolia. These immigrants settled down in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud. And then, industry, mining, business and transportation and communication in this banner developed quickly. Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Islam also spread rapidly in the region. Education, arts and culture also gained rapid development greatly.The third part is to research the disappearance of the administrative and organizational system specially, including social and historical causes and effects. Mainly consists of two parts:one is from last prince in Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud to study the declining of Right Wing-Junwang Banner of Ongniud and the second is to discuss the disappearance of the administrative and organizational system after the Japanese surrendering.