| The problems of the lamaseries and the lamas are the important issues of the Inner Mongolian and Outer Mongolian grass-roots society from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.It is of great academic and theoretical significance to study the Mongolian monarchy temple and the lamas problem in order to study the social existence mechanism of the Mongolian banners at the grassroots level and the social and historical changes in different periods.This thesis will give full reference to the Mongolian archives which was headed from the Krzscar Printing Office of Left Middle Banner of Ordos to the lerder of Ikezhao League,Map of Ordos in 1740,Map of the Prince Bannner in 1910 and the social investigation report in the period of the Republic of China.Also,the overview of the lamaseries and lamas in the the Left Middle Banner of Ordos from the Qing Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty,the largest lamasery in Left Middle Banner of Ordos,Wang'ai zhao Lamasery,and the resident Lama as well as the religious expenses and other issues on the way of Left Middle Banner of Ordos to Duolunuoer,Yan Hui Lamasery are researched.According to the researches mentioned above,it can be concluded as following:First,Left Middle Banner of Ordos is the typical banner,in which the lamaseries and the lamas developed abnormally,in the Inner Krzscar Mongolia 49 Krzscar banners.There were 42 lamaseries were built in the Qing Dynasty.Among them,there are four lamaseries given their boards with an inscription by the emperors of the Qing Dynasty,and eight lamaseries were built for sacrificing the five hundred Torghuts dedicated to the Genghis Khan's Mausoleum.More than a half of the lamaseries in this banner were destructed in the Tongzhi Period because of the revolt by the Huis in the northwest area.Second,Wang'ai zhao Lamasery,as the largest Tibetan Buddhist lamasery in Ikezhao League,and it is also the largest Tibetan Buddhist lamasery in Left Middle Banner of Ordos.It was built by the ten thousand heads of Ordos,Boshuoketu,for agriculture in 1614.In the thirty-sixth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong(in 1771),it was given the board with an inscription of Guanghui Temple by Qianlong.The administrative management was ordered by the Prince Bannner.With the lofty status in political and religious education,Wang'ai zhao Lamasery covers the largest area in Left Middle Banner of Ordos,and attached many temples and incense in the near thirty kilometers.At the beginning of the "New Deal" at the end of the Qing Dynasty,Wang'ai zhao Lamasery's Xianghuo Ranch was officially shackled.According to the two reports of Guangxu and Xuantong,the total number reached 1421 hectares and 82.5 mu.Third,from the Qing Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Kangxi to the Republic of China period,the Prince Bannner has sent a number of permanent lamas to the Yonghe Palace,the Huizong Lamasery in Duolunuoer,the Shanyin Lamasery and the Yan Hui Lamasery in the Hangjin Banner.The daily religious expenses are afforded by the government of the Banner,which has been a part of the regular financial expenditure of the Banner,and thus seriously increased the financial burden of the the Prince Bannner.Due to the serious disasters and poverty year after year,these religious expenses were defaulted,which was an important factor in the debt crisis of the Prince Bannner in modern times. |
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