Times Of Stratocracy—The Political Vicissitude Of Sinkiang In Late Qing Dynastry And Republic Of China

During the Republican Period of China, Stratocracy was the most striking feature of Sinkiang Which had acted as the stage multi-ethnic harmonious coexistence since ancient times. As early as the Late Qing Period, many causing factors of Stratocracy had been in the womb of time. Since the Opium War in the mid-nineteenth century which was in the era of big upheavals, the commonplace platitude pedestrian banal Qing Dynasty had been caught in the unprecedented crisis. The downward movement of the central military power and financial power which were represented by the Yong Ying System and Likin System had become the biggest problems which the royal court was forced to face. With the complete collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the struggling of consolidation and reform which had been carried out to strengthen the central authority had died out to no avail. In this historical background. Sinkiang's localism tendency which was represented by the political regime under the leadership of governors named Army and Government Unity, the army's localization, the army's privatization, the expanding of the local taxation rights, and the independence of financial system were also growing day by day. At the same time, the risk of separatist forces formation to Sinkiang was more increased in intensity by the closure of the geography, the poor transportation, the complex ethnic and religious patterns, and the decentralization of the economic and trade areas.When the Republic of China was initially established in the process of a new dynastic rule's recovery and construction, Yang Zengxin emphasized centralism of the military power and political authority towards military office in order to strengthen his absolute power and dictatorship position based on the governor powers of Sinkiang in the Qing Dynasty, thus opening up Sinkiang's stratocracy patterns in Republic of China. Yang Zenxin Who was an old official sticked to a traditional way to govern Sinkiang and proclaimed the politics philosophy of governing by Taoisrn about "capturing the world without doing anything". Yang Zenxin closely confined the seminal modernization desire of Sinkiang society's since the Late Qing Period based upon the general policy about egalitarianism and the "static rather than dynamic". It made Sinkiang society under his administration be in a state of slow metabolism for a long time and wandered outside the gate of the modern civilized world. Under the fierce collision between New and Old Ideologies,"the Nouveau Figure" of Sinkiang represented by Fan Yaonan assassinated Yang Zenxin in Sinkiang Russian Law and Politics College in July7,1928.As Yang Zenxin's student and faithful follower, Jin Shuren tried to regulate and change some part of Yang's new departure under the premise of following his predecessor's basic line and principles aiming to cater to the modernization desire for innovation which was repressed and imprisoned in Yang's time. As a result of individual ability, the will and the objective conditions, the ruling order in Yang Zenxin's time went to rock and ruin when Jin Shuren's perfunctory reform had been just taken a small step, and made Jin Shuren himself fall into an awkward and embarrassing position. After Hamilton Incident, the fragile regime of Jin Shuren disintegrated rapidly and indicated that the stratocracy pattern which was established by Yang Zenxin and continued by Jin Shuren had almost reduced to the last extremity quietly.The rise of Sheng Shical' Regime was as a result of the benefit dispute by various forces in Sinkiang including the Nanking government, and the Soviet Union's final victory. The changing of Sinkiang's archon from scholar to soldier which was based on the Sheng-Soviet Union and the Sinkiang's copy of the modernization successes under the Soviet Union pattern indicated that the stratocracy in Sinkiang had embarked on another completely different course after a brief disruption, and achieved the change from one model to another. The Sheng-Soviet Union was the most distinct character of Sinkiang's stratocracy in Sheng Shical'Time. The Sheng-Soviet Union itself contained a seemingly irreconcilable conflict which expanded continuously as time went by and resulted in the rupture between the Sheng Shical'Regime and the Soviet Union. Chongqing Nationalist Government seized the favorable moment to take over the local government of Sinkiang successfully. Since first reign year of the Republic of China, the stratocracy pattern which was opened up by Yang Zenxin had come to its end. And Sinkiang which had held the semi-independence and semi-separation condition for over32years was finally brought into the direct domination of Chinese Central Government.